one of the dominant notes in his music, did not desert him. He built near Augusta, Ga., a primitive cottage, to which he gave the name Copse Hill, and in which the rest of his days were spent in brave hopefulness. He portrayed his own spirit when he wrote: "Still smiles the brave soul, undivorced from hope; And with unwavering eye and warrior mien, To test, through hostile years, the utmost scope All heights of patience free to feet of clay." 231. Henry Timrod. Henry Timrod's life resembles that of Keats. It is a melancholy record of poverty, ill health, unappreciation, and disaster. There is a deep pathos in the struggles and premature ending of this gifted life. He keenly felt the indifference with which his songs were received, and it chilled the poetic ardor of his soul. He was a native of Charleston. Like so many other poets in whom the literary impulse has been strong, he gave up law for literature. In 1849, under the nom de plume of "Aglaus," he began a series of contribu tions to the Southern Literary Messenger, some of which have not found a place in his collected writings. He con tributed, also, to Russell's Magazine, under the editorship of Hayne, in which some of his best productions appeared. 232. Martial Lyrics. In 1860 a small volume of his poems was published in Boston. Though, in the opinion. of Hayne, "a better first volume of the kind seldom appeared anywhere," it attracted but little attention. The beginning of the Civil War called forth some fiery lyrics especially "Carolina and "A Cry to Arms " which in the excitement of the time appealed strongly to Southern hearts. They are as intense in their sectional feeling as the antislavery lyrics of Whittier and Lowell. nogenesis" celebrates the birth of the Southern Confederacy; but happily for our country the glowing prophecies of the poem were not fulfilled. "Eth 233. An Editor. In 1864 he became assistant editor of the South Carolinian at Columbia. During a brief period of prosperity he ventured upon his long-deferred marriage to Miss Kate Goodwin - the "Katie" of his song. But a year later, in the path of Sherman's victorious march, his paper was destroyed and he himself became a fugitive. In his great need it became necessary at times to exchange necessary household articles for bread. He died in 1867 and was buried in Columbia, where a small shaft now marks his grave. 234. Poetic Quality. A posthumous edition of Timrod's poems was published in 1873 with a beautiful memoir by Hayne. A memorial edition was issued in 1899. An examination of the poems shows that they are of limited range and, in the main, slight in subject. But they are distinguished by simplicity, elegance, and sanity. Timrod is lacking in the finest lyrical flights, but he is constantly true. He is always noble in thought and sentiment. His concep tion of the poetic office, as reflected in "A Vision of Poetry," was exalted; the poet was to his mind a prophet. The poet "spheres worlds in himself "; and then, "like some noble host," "He spreads the riches of his soul, and bids Partake who will. Age has its saws of truth, Tears, and their solace for the heart of grief." 66 235. His Sonnets. Some of Timrod's deepest notes are sounded in his sonnets. Brief as the sonnet is," he said, "the whole power of the poet has sometimes been exemplified within its narrow bounds as completely as within the compass of an epic." He laments, for example, that "most men know love as but a part of life ": "Ah me! why may not love and life be one? Why walk we thus alone, when by our side, FOR FURTHER READING AND STUDY Consult the general bibliography. The biographical and critical studies of the major writers will each be followed by a special reference list. Numerous selections from the minor writers of this period will be found in Stedman and Hutchinson, Duyckinck, and the Library of Southern Writers. Choice selections from the minor poets will be found in Stedman's "American Anthology." Trent's "Southern Writers and Painter's "Poets of the South" are convenient volumes of selections. The historical background is presented in the numerous excellent histories of the United States. In this connection Bogart's "Economic History of the United States " will be found instructive. The speeches of Hayne, Webster, Calhoun, Douglas, Lincoln, and other statesmen, as contained in "The World's Famous Orations" or other similar works are specially recommended. The following poems, most of them well-known, are connected with incidents falling within the First National Period: Holmes's "Old Ironsides "; Emerson's "Concord Hymn"; Longfellow's "Wreck of the Hesperus"; Whittier's "Angels of Buena Vista "; Theodore O'Hara's "Bivouac of the Dead"; and Whittier's Crisis" and "Ichabod.". Interesting novels throwing light on the life of the people in different parts of our country during this period: Amelia E. Barr's "Remember the Alamo " (1836); Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin "; Hawthorne's "Blithedale Romance "; James Lane Allen's "A Kentucky Cardinal" (about 1850); Irving Bacheller's "Eben Holden "; Winston Churchill's "The Crisis (1860-65); Moncure D. Conway's "Pine and Palm "; Joel Chandler Harris's "Free Joe"; Geo. W. Cable's Dr. Sevier "; John Fox, Jr.'s "The Little Shepherd of Kingdom Come"; F. Hopkinson Smith's "The Fortunes of Oliver Horne "; Edward Eggleston's "The Hoosier Schoolmaster" (1830-35); Bret Harte's "Gabriel Conroy" (about 1853); and Vaughan Kester's "The Prodigal Judge." WASHINGTON IRVING 236. Our First Man of Letters. To Washington Irving belongs the distinction of being the first of our great writers in general literature. He was not a great theologian like Jonathan Edwards, nor a practical philosopher and moralist like Franklin, nor a a statesman like Jefferson and Hamilton. He was above all a literary man; and his writings belong, in large measure at least, to the field of belleslettres. In his most characteristic writings he aimed WASHINGTON IRVING not so much at instruction as at entertainment. He achieved that finished excellence of form that at once elevates literature to the classic rank. He was the first American writer to gain general recognition abroad; or, to use Thackeray's words, "Irving was the first ambassador whom the New World of letters sent to the Old." Our literature has had many "ambassadors" since; but it is doubtful whether any other has ever been more cordially welcomed or more pleasantly remembered. 237. Childhood. - Washington Irving was born in the city of New York, April 3, 1783, the youngest of eleven children. The Revolutionary War was ended, and the American army occupied the city. Washington's work is ended," said the mother, "and |