DEFENSE FORCES

Legal system: civil law system with Roman law origin; constitution adopted 1920, repromulgated in 1945; judicial review of legislative acts by a Constitutional Court; separate administrative and civil/penal supreme courts; legal education at Universities of Vienna, Graz, Innsbruck, Salzburg, and Linz; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 26 October

Branches: bicameral parliament, directly elected President whose functions are largely representational, independent federal judiciary

Government leaders: President Rudolf Kirchschlaeger, Chancellor Bruno Kreisky leads a one-party Socialist government

Suffrage: universal over age 19; compulsory for presidential elections

Elections: presidential, every 6 years (next 1980); parliamentary, every 4 years (next 1983)

Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party of Austria (SPOe), Bruno Kreisky, Chairman; Austrian People's Party (OeVP), Alois Mock, Chairman; Liberal Party (FPOe), Alexander Gotz, Chairman; Communist Party, Franz Muhri, Chairman

Voting strength (1975 election): 50.6% SPOe, 42.7% OeVP, 5.3% FPOe, 1.2% Communist

Other political or pressure groups: Federal Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Austrian Trade Union Federation (primarily Socialist); three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party (OeVP) representing business, labor, and farmers; the OeVP-oriented League of Austrian Industrialists; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action

Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, ECE, EFTA, EMA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, WSG

ECONOMY

GNP: $58 billion (1978), $7,720 per capita; 56.2% private consumption, 12.0% public consumption, 27.3% investment, 4.1% stock building (1978); 0.4% net foreign balance; 1978 real GNP growth rate, 1.5%

Agriculture: livestock, forest products, cereals, potatoes, sugar beets; 84% self-sufficient; caloric intake 3,230 calories per day per capita (1969-70)

Major industries: foods, iron and steel, machinery, textiles, chemicals, electrical, paper and pulp

Crude steel: 4.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 570 kg per capita (1978)

Electric power: 11,700,000 kW capacity (1978); 38.8 billion kWh produced (1978), 5,160 kWh per capita

Exports: $12.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978); iron and steel products, machinery and equipment, lumber, textiles, paper products, chemicals

Imports: $16.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles and clothing, petroleum, foodstuffs

Major trade partners: (1978) 37.2% West Germany, 8.9% Italy, 6.8% Switzerland, 3.9% U.K., 3.0% U.S.; 79.8% developed countries, 59.9 EC; 11.3% Communist countries

Aid: (1970-78) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $633 million

Budget: expenditures, $18.3 billion; revenues, $14.8 billion; deficit, $3.5 billion (1978)

Monetary conversion rate: 14.52 shillings=US$1, 1978

average

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 6,517 km total; 5.877 km government-owned; 5,397 km standard gage (1.435 m) of which 2,730 km electrified and 1,333 km double tracked; 480 km narrow gage (0.760 m) of which 91 km electrified; 640 km privately owned (1.435- and 1.000-meter gage)

Highways: approximately 33,600 km total national classified network, including 10,400 km federal and 23,200 km provincial roads; about 20,800 km paved (bituminous, concrete, stone block) and 12,800 km unpaved (gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil); additional 60,800 km communal roads (mostly gravel, crushed stone, earth) and 1,012 km autobahn

Inland waterways: 427 km

Ports: 2 major river (Vienna, Linz)

Pipelines: 554 km crude oil; 2,611 km natural gas; 171 km refined products

Civil air: 19 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 50 total, 49 usable; 15 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: highly developed and efficient; extensive TV and radiobroadcast systems with 160 AM, 190 FM, and 350 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 2.44 million telephones (32 per 100 popl.) DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,778,000; 1,506,000 fit for military service; average number reaching military age (19) annually about 60,000

Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $859 million; about 3.8% of the federal budget

LAND

THE BAHAMAS

11,396 km2; 1% cultivated, 29% forested, 70% built on, wasteland, and other

WATER

(See reference map II)

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing 200 nm)

Coastline: 3,542 km (New Providence Is. 76 km) PEOPLE

Population: 233,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.3% (7-77 to 7-78)

Nationality: noun-Bahamian (sing., pl.); adjectiveBahamian

Ethnic divisions: 80% Negro, 10% white, 10% mixed Religion: Baptists 29%, Church of England 23%, Roman Catholic 23%, smaller groups of other Protestant, Greek Orthodox, and Jews

Language: English

Labor force: 84,228 (1976), 25% organized; 25% unemployment (1977)

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: The Commonwealth of The Bahamas Type: independent commonwealth since July 1973, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Nassau (New Providence Island) Legal system: based on English law

National holiday: Independence Day, 10 July Branches: bicameral legislature (appointed Senate, elected House); executive (Prime Minister and cabinet); judiciary

Government leaders: Prime Minister Lynden O. Pindling; Governor General Gerald C. Cash

Suffrage: universal over age 18; registered voters (July 1977) 73,309

Elections: House of Assembly (19 July 1977); next election due constitutionally in 5 years

Political parties and leaders: Progressive Liberal Party (PLP), predominantly black, Lynden O. Pindling; Bahamian Democratic Party (BDP), Henry Bostwick; Free National Movement (FNM), Cecil Wallace-Whitfield

Voting strength (1977 election): PLP (55%) 30 seats, BDP (27%) 6 seats, FNM (15%) 2 seats, others (3%) 0 seats

Communists: none known

Member of: CDB, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, IDB, ILO, IMCO, IMF, U.N., WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $825 million (1978 est.), $3,650 per capita; real growth rate 1978 est., 5%

Agriculture: food importer, main crops-fish, fruits, vegetables

Major industries: tourism, cement, oil refining, lumber, salt production, rum, aragonite, pharmaceuticals, spiral weld, and steel pipe

Electric power: 250,000 kW capacity (1977); 680 million kWh produced (1977), 3,150 kWh per capita

Exports: $2.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); fuel oil, pharmaceuticals, cement, rum

Imports: $2.4 billion (c.i.f., 1978); crude oil, foodstuffs, manufactured goods

Major trade partners: non-oil exports-U.S. 41%, U.K. 12%, Canada 3%; non-oil imports-U.S. 73%, U.K. 13%, Canada 2% (1973)

Aid: economic-bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (1970-77) from U.S. $34.3 million; from other Western countries, $136.7 million; no military aid

Budget: (1978 projected), revenues, $186 million; expenditures, $199 million

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahamian dollar (B$1)=US$1

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 3,350 km total; 1,350 km paved, 2,000 km gravel

Ports: 2 major (Freeport, Nassau), 9 minor

Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Airfields: 55 total, 52 usable; 24 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: telecom facilities highly developed, including 62,000 telephones (28 per 100 popl.) in totally automatic system; tropospheric scatter link with Florida; 3 AM, 2 FM stations and 1 TV station; 3 coaxial submarine cables

LAND

BAHRAIN

596 km2 plus group of 32 smaller islands; 5% cultivated, negligible forested area, remainder desert, waste, or urban WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm
Coastline: 161 km

PEOPLE

Population: 373,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 4.4% (current)

Nationality: noun-Bahraini(s); adjective-Bahraini Ethnic divisions: 80% Arab, 12% Iranian, 8% other Religion: Muslim, slightly more Shias than Sunnis Language: Arabic, English also widely spoken Literacy: about 40%

Labor force: 100,000 (1978); 49% of labor force is nonBahraini

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: State of Bahrain

Type: traditional monarchy; independence declared in 1971

Capital: Manama

Legal system: based on Islamic law and English common law; constitution went into effect December 1973 National holiday: 16 December

Branches: Amir rules with help of a cabinet led by Prime Minister; a National Assembly, made up of cabinet and 30 directly elected members, was formed in early 1974; Amir dissolved assembly in August 1975 and suspended the constitutional provision for election of the assembly; independently judiciary

Government leader: Amir 'Isa ibn Salman Al Khalifa Political parties and pressure groups: political parties prohibited; several pressure groups although numerous small clandestine groups are active

Communists: negligible

Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IMF, NAM. OAPEC, U.N., UNESCO, WHO

ECONOMY

GDP: $1.4 billion (1977 est.), annual growth rate 8.8% in GDP, $5,130 per capita, dominated by oil industry; 1977 average daily crude oil production, 56,000 bbls (oil expected to last 12 years if no new discoveries are made); 1975 nonassociated natural gas production, 102 billion ft; government oil revenues for 1977 are estimated at $470 million

Agriculture: produces dates, alfalfa, vegetables; dairy and poultry farming; fishing; not self-sufficient in food

Major industries: petroleum refining, aluminum smelting, ship repairing, shrimp fishing, pearls and sailmaking on a small scale; major development projects include flourmill, and ISA town; OAPEC dry dock opened in 1977 Electric power: 770,000 kW capacity (1978); 3.7 billion kWh produced (1978), 13,010 kWh per capita

Exports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978); non-oil exports (including reexports), $396.8 million (1978); oil exports, $1.5 billion (1978)

Imports: $2.0 billion (c.i.f., 1978); non-oil imports $1.1 billion (1978); oil imports $882.3 million (1978)

Major trade partners: Saudi Arabia, U.K., U.S., Japan, EC

Budget: (1977) $291 million current expenditure, $357 million capital

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Bahrain dinar=US$2.58

(1978)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Highways: 93 km bituminous surfaced; undetermined mileage of natural surface tracks

Ports: 1 major (Bahrain)

Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km

Civil air: 2 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 1 with runway 1,2202,439 m

Telecommunications: excellent international telecommunications; limited domestic services; 39,000 telephones (10.7 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 1 TV station, 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; tropospheric scatter and microwave to Qatar and United Arab Emirates

PEOPLE

(See reference map VII)

Population: 89,284,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.7% (current)

Nationality: noun-Bangladeshi(s); adjective-Bangla

desh

Ethnic divisions: predominantly Bengali; fewer than 1 million "Biharis" and fewer than 1 million tribals Religion: about 83% Muslim, 16% Hindu; less than 1% Buddhist and other

Language: Bengali Literacy: about 25%

Labor force: 28.8 million; extensive export of labor to U.A.F., Qatar, Kuwait, Iraq, and Oman; over 75% of labor force is in agriculture, 18% service, 7% industry (FY78) GOVERNMENT

Legal name: People's Republic of Bangladesh Type: independent republic since December 1971; Government of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman overthrown in August 1975; two other coups followed; following 4 years of martial law rule presidential elections were held in June 1978 and a new parliament was elected in February 1979 Capital: Dacca

Political subdivisions: 19 districts, 413 thanas (counties), 4,053 unions (village groupings)

Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted December 1972; amended January 1975 to more authoritarian presidential system, changed by proclamation in April 1977 to reflect Islamic character of nation; President has promised a new constitution will be written in 1979 National holiday: Independence Day, 26 March Branches: constitution provides for unicameral legislature, strong president; independent judiciary

Government leader: President, Lt. Gen. Ziaur Rahman Suffrage: universal over age 18

Elections: Second Parliament (House of the Nation) elected in February 1979; elections every 5 years; President elected June 3, 1978

Major political parties and leaders: Bangladesh National Party (formed September 1978), Zaur Rahman; Awami League (leftist faction), Abdul Malik Ukil; Awami League (moderate faction), Mizanur Rahman Choudhury; United People's Party, Kazi Zafar Ahmed; Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal (National Socialist Party), M. A. Awal; Bangladesh Communist Party (pro-Soviet), Manindra Moni Singh

Communists: 2,500 members (est.)

Member of: ADB, Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organization, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IMF, ILO, NAM, U.N., UNCTAD, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $7.8 billion est. (FY78, current prices), $100 per capita; real growth, 7.4% (FY78)

Agriculture: large subsistence farming, heavily dependent on monsoon rainfall; main crops are jute and rice; shortages-grain, cotton, and oilseeds

Fishing: catch 821,000 metric tons (FY76) Major industries: jute manufactures, food processing and cotton textiles

Electric power: 975,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.6 billion kWh produced (1978), 20 kWh per capita

Exports: $498 million (FY78); raw and manufactured jute, leather, tea

Imports: $1,349 million (FY78 est.); foodgrains, fuels, raw cotton, fertilizer, manufactured products

Major trade partners: exports-U.S. 14%, U.K. 13%; imports-Japan 22%, U.S. 10% (FY77)

Budget: (FY78 est.) domestic revenues, $823 million; expenditures, $1,578 million

Monetary conversion rate: 15.52 taka=US$1 (February 1979)

Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 2,909 km total (1979); 1,910 km meter gage (1.000 m), 964 km broad gage (1.676 m), 35 km narrow gage (0.762 m), 300 km double track; government-owned Highways: 45,633 km total; 4,076 km paved, 2,693 km gravel, 38,864 km earth

Inland waterways: 7,000 km; river steamers navigate main waterways

Ports: 1 major, Chittagong; 5 minor
Pipelines: 150 km natural gas

Civil air: 9 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 23 total, 16 usable; 18 with permanent surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: adequate international radiocommunications and landline service; fair domestic wire and microwave service; fair broadcast service; 100,000 (est.) telephones (0.1 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, 6 FM, 7 TV stations, and 1 ground satellite station