Fishing: catch 54,950 metric tons (1976); exports $16.5 million (1974)

Major industries: agricultural processing (meat canneries, soap factories, brewery, tanneries, sugar refining), light consumer goods industries (textiles, glassware), cement plant, auto assembly plant, paper mill, oil refinery

Electric power: 95,000 kW capacity (1977); 465 million kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita

Exports: $419.8 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); 30% coffee, 8% vanilla, 7% sugar, 6% cloves; agricultural and livestock products account for about 85% of export earnings

Imports: $384.4 million (f.o.b., 1978); about 19% consumer goods, 21% foodstuffs, 41% primary products (crude oil, fertilizers, metal products), 19% capital goods (1974)

Major trade partners: France (in 1974 accounted for 37% of exports and 48% of imports), U.S., EC; trade with Communist countries remains a minute part of total trade Budget: (1978) revenues $350 million, expenditures $323 million

Monetary conversion rate: 225.6 Malagasy francs=US$1 Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 884 km of meter gage (1.00 m)

Highways: 27,500 km total; 4,525 km paved, 228 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; remainder improved and unimproved earth (est.)

Inland waterways: of local importance only, Lake Alaotra, isolated streams and portions of Canal des Pangalanes

Ports: 4 major (Tamatave, Diego Suarez, Majunga, Tulear)

Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 192 total, 126 usable; 46 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: system above African average; includes open-wire lines, some radio-relay and coaxial links; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station; 28,700 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 10 AM, no FM, and 4 TV stations

Population: 5,951,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 3.0% (current)

Nationality: noun-Malawian(s); adjective-Malawian Ethnic divisions: over 99% native African, less than 1% European and Asian

Religion: majority animist; rest Christian and Muslim Language: English and Chichewa official; Lomwe is second African language

Literacy: 15% of population

Labor force: 225,000 wage earners employed in Malawi (1974); 30% agriculture, 11% construction, 10% commerce, 13% manufacturing, 10% administration, 26% miscellaneous services; 6,000 Europeans permanently employed

Organized labor: small minority of wage earners are unionized

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Malawi

Type: republic since July 1966; independent member of Commonwealth since July 1964

Capital: Lilongwe

Political subdivisions: 3 administrative regions and 24 districts

Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; constitution adopted 1964; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court of Appeal; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Republic Day, 6 July

Branches: strong presidential system with cabinet appointed by President; unicameral National Assembly of 87 elected and up to 15 nominated members; High Court with Chief Justice and at least 2 justices

Government leader: Life President Dr. H. Kamuzu

Banda

Suffrage: universal adult (21 years)

Elections: parliamentary elections June 1978

MALAYSIA

Political parties and leaders: Malawi Congress Party (MCP), Secretary General E. Bakili Muluzi, Deputy Secretary Robson W. Chirwa

Communists: no Communist Party; Malawi maintains no foreign relations with Communist governments

Member of: AFDB, EEC (associate member), FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $781.5 million (1978), $140 per capita; real average annual growth rate (1975-78) 6.4%, growth rate (1978) 7.2% Agriculture: cash crops-tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton, tung, maize; subsistence crops-corn, sorghum, millet, pulses, root crops, fruit, vegetables, rice

Electric power: 105,000 kW capacity (1977); 315 million kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita

Major industries: agricultural processing (tea, tobacco, sugar), sawmilling, cement, consumer goods

Exports: $209.9 million (f.o.b., 1978); tobacco, tea, sugar, peanuts, cotton

Imports: $287.0 billion (f.o.b., 1978); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, building and construction materials, fuel, fertilizer

Major trade partners: exports-U.K., U.S., South Africa, Netherlands; imports-South Africa, U.K., Japan, U.S., FRG, Netherlands

Aid: economic-(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries, $325 million; U.S., $7.9 million

Budget: FY77/78 revenues $97.1 million; expenditures $85.6 million; capital $64.3 million

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Malawi kwacha = US$0.8435 Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 678 km 1.067-meter gage

Highways: 12,674 km total; 1,870 km paved; 594 km crushed stone, gravel, or stabilized soil; 8,275 km improved earth, 4,183 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways: Lake Malawi, 1,290 km and Shire River, 144 km, 3 lake ports

Civil air: 5 major transport aircraft Airfields: 48 total, 48 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: fair system of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; principal centers are Blantyre, Zomba, Lilongwe, and Muzuzu; 23,000 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 4 FM and no TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,196,000; about 603,000 fit for military service

Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1980, $61.7 million; 16.6% of recurrent central government budget

NOTE: Malaysia, which came into being on 16 September 1963, consists of Peninsular Malaysia, which includes 11 states of the former Federation of Malaya, plus East Malaysia, which includes the 2 former colonies of North Borneo (renamed Sabah) and Sarawak

LAND

Peninsular Malaysia: 131,313 km2; 20% cultivated, 26% forest reserves, 54% other

Sabah: 76,146 km2; 13% cultivated, 34% forest reserves, 53% other

Sarawak: 125,097 km2; 21% cultivated, 24% forest reserves, 55% other

Land boundaries: 509 km Peninsular Malaysia, 1,786 km East Malaysia

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm

Coastline: 2,068 km Peninsular Malaysia, 2,607 km East Malaysia

PEOPLE

Population: 13,841,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.4% (current)

Peninsular Malaysia: 11,517,000, average annual growth rate 2.2% (current)

Sabah: 1,051,000, average annual growth rate 4.5% (current)

Sarawak: 1,273,000, average annual growth rate 2.2% (current)

Nationality: noun-Malaysian(s); adjective-Malaysian Ethnic divisions:

Malaysia: 50% Malay, 35% Chinese, 10% Indian Peninsular Malaysia: 53% Malay, 35% Chinese, 11% Indian and Pakistani, 1% other

Sabah: 21% Chinese, 69% indigenous tribes, 10% other Sarawak: 30% Chinese, 50% indigenous tribes, 19% Malay, 1% other

Religion:

Peninsular Malaysia: Malays nearly all Muslim, Chinese predominantly Buddhists, Indians predominantly Hindu

Sabah: 38% Muslim, 17% Christian, 45% other Sarawak: 23% Muslim, 24% Buddhist and Confucianist, 16% Christian, 35% tribal religion, 2% other

Language:

Peninsular Malaysia: Malay (official); English, Chinese dialects, Tamil

Sabah: English, Malay, numerous tribal dialects, Mandarin and Hakka dialects predominate among Chinese Sarawak: English, Malay, Mandarin, numerous tribal languages

Literacy:

Peninsular Malaysia: about 48%

Sabah and Sarawak: 23%

Labor force:

Malaysia: 4.5 million (1977)

Peninsular Malaysia: 3.6 million; 46.2% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 10.9% manufacturing and construction, 31.9% trade, transport, and services (1975)

Sabah: 213,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade and transportation, 1% other

Sarawak: 341,000 (1967); 80% agriculture, forestry, and fishing, 6% manufacturing and construction, 13% trade, transportation, and services, 1% other

Organized labor: 500,000 (1975 est.), about 15% of total labor force; unemployment about 7% of total labor force, but higher in urban areas

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Malaysia
Type:

Malaysia: constitutional monarchy nominally headed by Paramount Ruler (King); a bicameral Parliament consisting of a 58-member Senate and a 154-member House of Representatives

Peninsular Malaysian states: hereditary rulers in all but Penang and Malacca where Governors appointed by Malaysian Government; powers of state governments limited by federal constitution

Sabah: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 16 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, internal security, and other powers delegated to federal government

Sarawak: self-governing state within Malaysia in which it holds 24 seats in House of Representatives; foreign affairs, defense, and internal security, and other powers are delegated to federal government Capital:

Peninsular Malaysia: Kuala Lumpur
Sabah: Kota Kinabalu

Sarawak: Kuching

Political subdivisions: 13 states (including Sabah and Sarawak)

Legal system: based on English common law; constitution came into force 1963; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court at request of Supreme Head of the Federation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 31 August

Branches: 9 state rulers alternate as Paramount Ruler for 5-year terms; locus of executive power vested in Prime Minister and cabinet, who are responsible to bicameral parliament; following communal rioting in May 1969, government imposed state of emergency and suspended constitutional rights of all parliamentary bodies; parliamentary democracy resumed in February 1971

Peninsular Malaysia: executive branches of 11 states vary in detail but are similar in design; a Chief Minister, appointed by hereditary ruler or Governor, heads an executive council (cabinet) which is responsible to an elected, unicameral legislature

Sarawak and Sabah: executive branch headed by Governor appointed by central government, largely ceremonial role; executive power exercised by Chief Minister who heads parliamentary cabinet responsible to unicameral legislature; judiciary part of Malaysian judicial system

Government leader: Prime Minister Hussein bin Onn Suffrage: universal over age 20

Elections: minimum of every 5 years, last elections July

1978

Political parties and leaders:

Peninsular Malaysia: National Front, a confederation of 11 political parties dominated by United Malays National Organization (UMNO), Hussein Onn; opposition parties are Democratic Action Party (DAP) and Islamic Party (PAS)

Sabah: Berjaya Party, Datuk Harris Salleh; United Sabah National Organization (USNO), Tan Sri Haji Mohd Said Keruak; Sabah Chinese Association (SCA), Khoo Siak Chiew

Sarawak: coalition Sarawak Alliance composed of the Pesaka/Bumipatra Party, Rahman Yaacub, the United People's Party (SUPP), Ong Kee Hui, and Sarawak Chinese Association; Sarawak National Party (SNAP), Stephen Ningkan; Sarawak Native Peoples Party (PAJAR), Alli Kawi Voting strength:

Peninsular Malaysia: (1978 election) National Front, 131 of 154 seats in lower house of parliament; Democratic Action Party, 16 seats; Islamic Party, 5 seats; Sarawak People's Organization, 1 seat; 1 independent seat

Sabah: (April 1976 Assembly Elections) Berjaya Party controls 35 of 54 seats in State Assembly, USNO controls 19 remaining seats

Sarawak: (1974 elections) National Front controls all 48 State Assembly seats

Communists:

Peninsular Malaysia: approximately 3,000 armed insurgents on Thailand side of Thai/Malaysia border; approximately 300 full-time inside Peninsular Malaysia Sarawak: 125 armed insurgents in Sarawak

Sabah: insignificant

Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP:

Malaysia: $15.7 billion (1978), $1,220 per capita; average annual real growth 7.8% (1970-76); 7.2% (1978) Agriculture:

Peninsular Malaysia: natural rubber, oil palm, rice; 10%-15% of rice requirements imported

Sabah: mainly subsistence; main crops-rubber, timber, coconut, rice; food deficit-rice

Sarawak: main crops-rubber, timber, pepper; food deficit-rice

Fishing: catch 618,676 metric tons (1977)
Major industries:

Peninsular Malaysia: rubber and oil palm processing and manufacturing, light manufacturing industry, electronics, tin mining and smelting, logging and processing timber

Sabah: logging, petroleum production

Sarawak: agriculture processing, petroleum production and refining, logging

Electric power:

Peninsular Malaysia: 1,718,000 kW capacity (1978); 7.5 billion kWh produced (1978), 690 kWh per capita Sabah: 131,000 kW capacity (1978); 355 million kWh produced (1978), 370 kWh per capita

Sarawak: 102,180 kW capacity (1978); 280 million kWh produced (1978), 235 kWh per capita

Exports: $7.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); natural rubber, palm oil, tin, timber, petroleum

Imports: $5.9 billion (c.i.f., 1978)

Major trade partners: exports-19% Singapore, 18% U.S., 20% Japan; imports-21% Japan, 11% U.K., 12% U.S., 9% Singapore

Aid: U.S. economic 1970-76, $23.1 million; military $64.7 million; Western (except U.S.), $562.6 million; OPEC, 197476, $186.5 million

Budget: 1978 revenues $3.4 billion; expenditures $4.6 billion; deficit $1.2 billion; 20% military, 80% civilian Monetary conversion rate: 2.16 ringgits=US$1 (August 1979)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads:

Peninsular Malaysia: 1,665 km 1.04-meter gage; 13 km double track; government-owned

East Malaysia: 156 km meter gage (1.00 m) in Sabah Highways:

Peninsular Malaysia: 19,808 km total; 15,925 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 3,000 km crushed stone/gravel, 883 km improved or unimproved earth

East Malaysia: about 5,426 km total (1,644 km in Sarawak, 3,782 km in Sabah); 819 km hard surfaced (mostly bituminous surface treatment), 2,936 km gravel or crushed stone, 1,671 km earth

Peninsular Malaysia: 3 major, 14 minor

East Malaysia: 3 major, 12 minor (2 major, 3 minor in Sabah; 1 major, 9 minor in Sarawak)

Civil air: approximately 26 major transport aircraft Pipelines: crude oil, 69 km; refined products, 56 km Airfields:

Peninsular Malaysia: 62 total, 62 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 11 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Sabah: 34 total, 34 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Sarawak: 45 total, 45 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications:

Peninsular Malaysia: good intercity service provided mainly by microwave relay; international service good; good coverage by radio and television broadcasts; 305,000 telephones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 26 AM, 1 FM, and 16 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Singapore; connected to SEACOM submarine cable terminal at Singapore by microwave relay; 1 ground satellite station

Sabah: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sarawak via Brunei; 36,000 telephones (2.8 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 1 FM, 5 TV stations; SEACOM submarine cable links to Hong Kong and Singapore; 1 ground satellite station

Sarawak: adequate intercity radio-relay network extends to Sabah via Brunei; 40,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM stations, no FM, and 6 TV stations

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower:

Peninsular Malaysia: males 15-49, 2,590,000; 1,649,000 fit for military service; 119,000 reach military age (21) annually

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Maldives
Type: republic
Capital: Male

Political subdivisions: 19 administrative districts corresponding to atolls

Legal system: based on Islamic law with admixtures of English common law primarily in commercial matters; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: 26 July, Independence Day Branches: popularly elected unicameral national legislature (Majlis) (members elected for 5-year terms); elected President, chief executive; appointed Chief Justice responsible for administration of Islamic law

Government leader: President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom Suffrage: universal over age 21

Political parties and leaders: no organized political parties; country governed by the Didi clan for the past eight centuries

Communists: negligible number

Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77 GATT (de facto), IBRD, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N., UPU, WHO

ECONOMY

GNP: $17.4 million (1974), $135 per capita Agriculture: crops-coconut and millet; shortages—rice, sugar, flour

Fishing: catch 26,700 metric tons (1977)

Major industries: fishing; some coconut processing; tourism

Electric power: 4,000 kW capacity (1977); 6 million kWh produced (1977), 40 kWh per capita

Exports: $3.5 million (1977); fish
Imports: $9.1 million (1977)

Major trade partners: Sri Lanka, Japan

Aid: U.K. (1960-65), $1.4 million drawn; Sri Lanka (1967), $1 million committed; OPEC bilateral (1974-77), $10 million; Japan and India (amounts not known)

Monetary conversion rate: 3.93 Maldivian rupees=US$1, official rate; 9.2 rupees US$1, market rate (June 1978) Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS
Railroads: none
Highways: none
Ports: 2 minor

Civil air: no major transport aircraft

Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: minimal domestic and international telecommunication facilities; 550 telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); 2 AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station