Major industries: food processing, textile production, machinery, transport equipment; wood and paper products Electric power: 5,534,000 kW capacity (1978); 25.5 billion kWh produced (1978), 8,180 kWh per capita

Exports: $3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal products (trade year 1977) -23% meat, 14% dairy products, 20% wool Imports: $3.1 billion (c.i.f., 1978); 29% machinery, 23% manufactured goods, 13% chemicals (trade year 1977) Major trade partners: (trade year 1978) exports-18% U.K., 13% Japan, 13% Australia, 14% U.S.; imports-22% Australia, 18% U.K., 13% Japan, 14% U.S.

Aid: bilateral and multilateral aid to developing countries (1975/76), $56.9 million

Budget: expenditures, NZ$4,225 million; receipts, NZ$4,228 million year ended 31 March 1977

Monetary conversion rate: NZ$1=US$1.94, March 1979 Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

NOTE: trade data are for year ending 30 June; trade year and fiscal year do not correspond

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm (fishing, 200 nm; continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters)

Coastline: 910 km

PEOPLE

Population: 2,524,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 3.1% (current)

Nationality: noun-Nicaraguan(s); adjective-Nicara

guan

Ethnic divisions: 69% mestizo, 17% white, 9% Negro, 5% Indian

Religion: 95% Roman Catholic

Language: Spanish (official); English speaking minority on Atlantic coast

Literacy: 52% of population 10 years of age and over Labor force: 728,419 (1977 est.); 43% agriculture, 15% manufacturing, 13% commerce, 29% other; shortage of skilled labor, but underemployment of unskilled labor except during harvest

Organized labor: in a state of flux since the ouster of former-President Somoza in July 1979; soon after the Sandinistas assumed power they sponsored the creation of an umbrella union, the Sandinista Workers Central (CST) which has reached a membership of some 40,000 workers, or a little more than two-thirds of Nicaragua's organized workers; two other major unions compete with the CST, the Confederation of Labor Unification (CUS), a national democratic confederation, and the Nicaraguan Workers Central (CTN), with a Social Christian orientation; both of the latter organizations have suffered a loss in membership; the Independent General Confederation of Workers (CGTI), a Moscow-line Communist-dominated confederation has announced its willingness to merge with the CST

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Nicaragua Type: republic

Capital: Managua

Political subdivisions: 1 national district and 16 departments

Legal system: the Sandinista-appointed Government of National Reconstruction revoked the Constitution of 1974 and issued a Fundamental Statute and a Program of the Government of National Reconstruction to guide its actions until a new constitution is drafted

National holiday: Independence Day, 15 September Branches: executive and administrative responsibility formally reside in the five-member junta of the Government of National Reconstruction; in reality, the junta shares power with, and in fact, is overshadowed by the nine-member Sandinista National Directorate; the Fundamental Statute calls for legislative power to be exercized jointly by the junta and a broadly representative 33-member Council of State; originally to have been convened on September 15, the Council of State had not been formed as of mid-October; the country's highest judicial authority is the junta-appointed Supreme Court, comprised of six members

Elections: neither the Fundamental Statute nor the Program of the Government of National Reconstruction provides for the holding of elections; Sandinista leaders and junta members have stated that municipal and national elections will be held but they have not been scheduled as yet

Political parties and leaders: all political parties except those favoring a return to Somozism are permitted to function; only the Liberal Party, because of its ties to the Somoza family, has been specifically banned; among the parties that have been active under the new government are the Social Democratic Party (Wilfredo Montalvan), the Social Christian Party (Adan Fletes), the Democratic Conservative Party (Emilio Alvarez Montalvan), (and the Independent Liberal Party (headed by Minister of Labor Virgilio Godoy); Sandinista leaders have stated that they plan to create a Sandinista Party, and the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) has taken on the trappings of an embryonic political party

Communists: the Nicaraguan Socialist Party (PSN), founded in 1944, has served as Nicaragua's Moscow-line Communist party; it is divided into two factions-hard-line headed by Vice Minister of Foreign Affairs Alvaro Ramirez, and the soft-line faction led by Luis Sanchez Sancho; the Ramirez faction has called for the creation of a single party of revolutionaly forces under Sandinista direction; the Sanchez faction provoked the animosity of the Sandinistas during the insurrection because of its lack of support, but it has recently sought a reconciliation with the Sandinistas; the Nicaraguan Commnunist Party, formed in 1967 when it broke with the PSN, is led by Eli Altamirano; splinter Trotskyite and Maoist groups include the Workers Front and the Movement for Popular Action

Other political or pressure groups: the Superior Council of the Private Sector (COSEP) is an umbrella group

comprising eleven different chambers of associations including such groups as the Chamber of Commerce, the Chamber of Industry, and the Nicaraguan Institute of Development Member of: CACM, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, IPU, ISO, ITU, NAM, NAMUCAR (Caribbean Multinational Shipping Line-Naviera nacional del Caribe), OAS, ODECA, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $2,174 million (1978), $900 per capita; 71% private consumption, 11% government consumption, 14% domestic investment, 4% net foreign balance; real growth rate 1978, -7.9%

Agriculture: main crops-cotton, coffee, sugarcane, rice, corn, beans, cattle; caloric intake, 2,390 calories per day per capita (1974)

Fishing: catch 15,200 metric tons (1977); exports valued at $22.7 million (1977)

Major industries: food processing, chemicals, metal products, textiles and clothing

Electric power: 358,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.2 billion kWh produced (1977), 520 kWh per capita

Exports: $646 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton, coffee, chemical products, meat, sugar

Imports: $547 million (f.o.b., 1978); food and non-food agricultural products, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, transportation equipment, machinery, construction materials, clothing, petroleum

Major trade partners: exports-21% U.S., 23% CACM, 28% EC, 28% other; imports-31% U.S., 23% CACM, 17% EC, 29% other (1978)

Budget: 1978 expenditures $401 million, revenues $243 million

Monetary conversion rate: 10.0 cordobas=US$1 (official) Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 344 km 1.067-meter gage, government owned Highways: 18,197 km total; 1,570 km paved, 7,249 km otherwise improved, 9,378 km unimproved

Inland waterways: 2,220 km, including 2 large lakes Pipelines: crude oil, 56 km

Ports: 3 major (Corinto, Puerto Somoza, Bluefields), 7 minor

Civil air: 7 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 428 total, 413 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 9 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: low-capacity radio-relay and wire system being replaced after war damage; connection into Central American microwave net; Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station; 55,800 telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 85 AM, 30 FM, and 3 TV stations

DEFENSE FORCES

Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1960, suspended 1974; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 18 December

Branches: executive authority exercised by Supreme Military Council (SMC) composed of army officers; cabinet includes civilians

Government leader: Lt. Col. Seyni Kountché, President of Supreme Military Council and Chief of State Suffrage: suspended

Elections: political activity banned

Political parties and leaders: political parties banned Communists: no Communist party; some sympathizers in outlawed Sawaba party

Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO

ECONOMY

GDP: $1.5 billion (1978 est.), $300 per capita, annual growth 32.4% 1978 est.

Agriculture: commercial-peanuts, cotton, livestock; main food crops-millet, sorghum, niebe beans, vegetables Major industries: cement plant, brick factory, rice mill, small cotton gins, oil presses, slaughterhouse, and a few other small light industries; uranium production began in 1971 Electric power: 20,000 kW capacity (1977); 70 million kWh produced (1977), 14 kWh per capita

Exports: $280.3 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); about 65% uranium, rest peanuts and related products, livestock, hides, skins; exports understated because much regional trade not recorded

Imports: $289.5 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); fuels, machinery, transport equipment, foodstuffs, consumer goods

Major trade partners: France (over 50%), other EC countries, Nigeria, UDEAC countries, U.S.; preferential tariff to EC and franc zone countries

Aid: economic-Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $470 million; U.S. (1970-77), $115.8 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $54.4 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-77), $24.5 million

Budget: (1978 est.) revenue $193.3 million, expenditure $145.4 million, capital $47.9 million

Monetary conversion rate: about 225.6 Communaute Financiere Africaine = US$1

Fiscal year: 1 October-30 September

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 7,656 km total; 1,892 km bituminous, 2,839 km gravel, 2,925 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways: Niger River navigable 300 km from Niamey to Gaya on the Benin frontier from mid-December through March

Civil air: 4 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 66 total, 62 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 18 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: small system of wire and radio relay links concentrated in southwestern area; principal telecommunication center Niamey; 8,500 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 8 AM stations, no FM, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station

Ethnic divisions: of the more than 250 tribal groups, the Hausa and Fulani of the north, the Yoruba of the south, and the Ibos of the east comprise 60% of the population; about 27,000 non-Africans

Religion: no exact figures on religious breakdown, but it is believed that the numbers of Christians and Moslems are evenly balanced with about 20-30% animist, although elements of animism found in both established religions Literacy: est. 25%

Language: English official; Hausa, Yoruba, and Ibo also widely used

Labor force: approx. 29.2 million (1975)

Organized labor: between 800,000 and 1 million wage earners, approx. 2.4% of total labor force, belong to some 70 unions

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Federal Republic of Nigeria
Type: federal republic since 1979
Capital: Lagos

Political subdivisions: 19 states, headed by governors Legal system: based on English common law, tribal law, and Islamic law; new constitution has been promulgated for restoration of civilian rule in October 1979; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 October

Branches: a strong executive president, a bicameral National Assembly with a 95-seat Senate and a 449-seat House, and a separate judiciary

Government leader: President Gen. Alhadj Shehu Shagari Suffrage: universal adult suffrage

Elections: national elections are held July-August 1979 elected a federal president, federal Senate, federal House of Representatives, State governors, and State legislatures

Political parties and leaders: National Party, led by Shehu Shagari; Unity Party, led by Obafemi Awolowo; Nigerian People's Party, led by Nnamdi Azikiwe; Great Nigerian Peoples Party, led by Waziri Ibrahim; People's Redemption Party, led by Aminu Kano

Communists: the pro-Communist underground comprises a fraction of the small Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor organization but have little influence on government

Member of: AFDB, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $35 billion (1978 current prices), $510 per capita; 7.0% growth rate (1970-78)

NORWAY

Agriculture: main crops-peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock; almost self-sufficient

Fishing: catch 505,701 metric tons (1977); imports $14.5 million (1974)

Major industries: mining-crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing industries-oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufacturing industries-textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics

Electric power: 1,367,000 kW capacity (1977); 4 billion kWh produced (1977), 60 kWh per capita

Exports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); oil (95%), cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin

Imports: $12.4 billion (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals

Major trade partners: U.K., EC, U.S.

Budget: FY79-80 proposed-current revenue $12.7 billion, current expenditures, $11.9 billion; capital expenditures, $7.9 billion

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Naira US$1.5745 (1978) Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 3,505 km 1.067-meter gage

Highways: 107,180 km total 25,180 km paved (mostly bituminous surface treatment); 82,000 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth

Inland waterways: 8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks; additionally, Kainji Lake has several hundred miles of navigable lake routes

Pipelines: 1,312 km crude oil; 97 km natural gas; 5 km refined products

Ports: 5 major (Lagos/Apapa, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Koko/Sapele), 10 minor

Civil air: 40 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in Airfields: 81 total, 80 usable; 19 with permanent-surface runways; 7 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 20 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: above average system with major expansion in progress; radio relay, cable with Lagos, principal center, secondary centers Ibadan and Kaduna; 130,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 6 FM, and 9 TV stations; satellite station with Atlantic and Indian Ocean antennas, domestic satellite system with 19 stations

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 15,946,000; 9,120,000 fit for military service; average number reaching military age (18) annually 725,000

Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 March 1980, $1.7 billion; about 9.7% of central government budget

LAND

(See reference map IV)

Continental Norway, 323,750 km2; Svalbard, 62,160 km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 3% arable, 2% meadows and pastures, 21% forested, 74% other

Land boundaries: 2,579 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 4 nm (fishing 200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone

Coastline: mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km (excludes long fjords and numerous small islands and minor indentations which total as much as 16,093 km overall)

PEOPLE

Population: 4,082,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 0.4% (1-78 to 1-79)

Nationality: noun-Norwegian(s); adjective-Norwegian Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population, small Lappish minority

Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other

Language: Norwegian, small Lapp and Finnish-speaking minorities

Literacy: 100%

Labor force: 1.8 million; 11.4% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 25.3% mining and manufacturing, 8.1% construction, 16.3% commerce, 9.9% transportion and communication, 28.5% services; 1.2% unemployed (1978 average) Organized labor: 60% of labor force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Kingdom of Norway
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Oslo

Political subdivisions: 19 counties, 2 territories, 404 communes, 47 towns