PAPUA NEW GUINEA PARAGUAY Language: over 700 indigenous languages; pidgin English and 2 or 3 native languages are linguae francae for over one-half of population; English spoken by 1% to 2% of population Literacy: 15%; in English, 0.1% Labor force: no available figures; mostly subsistence farmers GOVERNMENT Legal name: Papua New Guinea Type: independent state within Commonwealth recognizing Elizabeth II as head of state Capital: Port Moresby Political subdivisions: 18 administrative districts (12 in New Guinea, 6 in Papua) Legal system: based on English common law National holiday: Independence Day, 16 September Branches: executive-Executive Council; legislatureHouse of Assembly (109 members); judiciary-court system consists of Supreme Court of Papua New Guinea and various inferior courts (District Courts, Local Courts, Children's Courts, Wardens' Courts) Government leaders: Governor General, Sir Tore Lokoloko; Prime Minister, Michael Thomas Somare Suffrage: universal adult suffrage Elections: preferential-type elections for 109-member House of Assembly every 4 years, last held in June 1977 Political parties: Pangu Party, People's Progress Party, United Party, Papua Besena Communists: no significant strength Member of: ADB, CIPEC (associate), Commonwealth, ESCAP (associate), G-77, IBRD, ILO, IMF, U.N., WHO (associate) ECONOMY GNP: $1.7 billion (FY78 est.); real average annual growth rate (1977-78) 2% est. Agriculture: main crops-coconuts, coffee, cocoa, tea Major industries: sawmilling and timber processing, copper mining (Bougainville) Electric power: 380,000 kW capacity (1978); 950 million kWh produced (1978), 315 kWh per capita Exports: $636 million (f.o.b., FY77); principal productscopper, coconut products, coffee beans, cocoa, copra, timber Imports: $484 million (f.o.b., FY77) Major trade partners: Australia, U.K., Japan Aid: economic-Australia, $1,158 million committed (1976-81); World Bank group (1968-September 1969), $7.5 million committed; U.S. (FY70-74), $32.5 million extended Budget: (75-76) receipts 400 million Australian dollars, expenditures 408 million Australian dollars Monetary conversion rate: Kina $1=US$1.45 (September 1978) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none Highways: 19,200 km total; 640 km paved, 10,960 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface, 7,600 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 10,940 km Ports: 5 principal, 8 minor Civil air: about 15 major transport aircraft Airfields: 532 total, 422 usable; 18 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 39 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: Papua New Guinea telecom services are adequate and are being improved; facilities provide radiobroadcast, radiotelephone and telegraph, coastal radio, aeronautical radio and international radiocommunication services; submarine cables extend from Madang to Australia and Guam; 37,848 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, no FM and no TV stations PARAGUAY Ethnic divisions: 95% mestizo, 5% white and Indian Literacy: officially estimated at 74% above age 10, but probably much lower (40%) Labor force: 800,000 (1971 est.); 52.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 28.2% services; 19.2% manufacturing and mining (1970) Organized labor: about 5% of labor force GOVERNMENT Legal name: Republic of Paraguay Type: republic; under authoritarian rule Capital: Asunción Political subdivisions: 16 departments and the national capital, 154 municipalities Legal system: based on Argentine codes, Roman law, and French codes; constitution promulgated 1967; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at National University of Asuncion and Catholic University of Our Lady of the Assumption; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 14 May Branches: President heads executive; bicameral legislature; judiciary headed by Supreme Court Government leader: President Gen. Alfredo Stroessner Suffrage: universal; compulsory between ages of 18-60 Elections: President and Congress elected together every 5 years; last election held in February 1978 Political parties and leaders: Colorado Party, Juan Ramon Chavez; Liberal Party (Levi-Liberal Party), Carlos Levi Ruffinelli; Febrerista Party, Roque Gaona; Radical Liberal Party and United Liberal Party (provisional unification of Liberal and Radical Liberal parties), Miguel Angel Martinez Yaryes; Christian Democratic Party, Anibal Recalde Sosa Voting strength (February 1978 general election): 90% Colorado Party, 5% Radical Liberal Party, 3% Liberal Party, Febrerista Party boycotted elections Communists: Oscar Creydt faction and Miguel Angel Soler faction (both illegal); est. 3,000 to 4,000 party members and sympathizers in Paraguay, very few are hard core; party in exile is small and deeply divided Other political or pressure groups: Popular Colorado Movement (MoPoCo) led by Epifanio Mendez Fleitas, in exile Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GDP: $2.0 billion (1978, at current prices), $840 per capita; 5.9% public consumption; 74.5% private consump tion, 36.6% gross domestic investment, 17.0% net foreign balance (1977); real growth rate 1978, 10.3% Agriculture: main crops-oilseeds, cotton, wheat, manioc, sweet potatoes, tobacco, corn, rice, sugarcane; self-sufficient in most foods; caloric intake, 2,714 calories per day per capita (1974); protein intake, 81 grams per day per capita Major industries: meat packing, oilseed crushing, milling, brewing, textiles, light consumer goods, cement Electric power: 230,000 kW capacity (1977); 550 million kWh produced (1977), 200 kWh per capita Exports: $467 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton, oilseeds, meat products, tobacco, timber, coffee, essential oils, tung oil Imports: $817 million (f.o.b., 1978); fuels and lubricants, machinery and motors, motor vehicles, beverages and tobacco, foodstuffs Major trade partners: exports-10% Netherlands, 9% United States, 10% Argentina, 15% West Germany, 13% Japan; imports-20% Brazil, 15% Argentina, 11% U.S., 8% West Germany, 8% Japan, 10% U.K. (1977) Aid: (1970-76) economic bilateral commitments, U.S. $54 million, other Western countries $69 million; military commitments, U.S. $17 million Budget: (1978 Public Sector) $463 million current revenues, $502 million total expenditures Monetary conversion rate: 126 guaranies=US$1 (official rate, October 1979) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,043 km total; 437 km standard gage (1.435 m), 136 km meter gage (1.00 m), 470 km various narrow gage (privately owned) Highways: 8,800 km total; 1,100 km paved, 7,700 km earth Inland waterways: 3,100 km Ports: 1 major (Asuncion), 9 minor (all river) Airfields: 966 total, 826 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: principal center in Asuncion good, intercity microwave net; 42,000 telephones (1.6 per 100 popl.); 25 AM, 9 FM stations, and 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station DEFENSE FORCES Military manpower: males 15-49, 701,000; 530,000 fit for military service; average number currently reaching military age (17) annually, 37,000 Military budget: for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $50.0 million; about 15.1% of central government budget Population: 17,388,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.6% (current) Nationality: noun-Peruvian; adjective-Peruvian Ethnic divisions: 46% Indian; 38% mestizo (whiteIndian); 15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese Religion: predominantly Roman Catholic Language: Spanish, Quechua, Aymara Literacy: 45% to 50% Labor force: 5.3 million (1978); 42% agriculture, 20% services, 13% industry, 14% trade, 4% construction, 4% transportation, 1% mining, 2% other Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1978) GOVERNMENT Legal name: Republic of Peru Type: republic; under military regime since October 1968 Capital: Lima Political subdivisions: 23 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao PERU Legal system: based on civil law system; military government rules by decree and functions under Revolutionary Statute which supersedes 1933 constitution; legal education at the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 28 July Branches: executive; judicial; Congress disbanded after 3 October 1968 ouster of President Fernando Belaunde Terry but Constituent Assembly was in session from July 1978 to July 1979 while writing a new constitution Government leader: President, Div. Gen. Francisco MORALES BERMÚDEZ Cerrutti Suffrage: obligatory for literate citizens (defined as adult men and women and married persons over age 18) until age 60 Elections: elections for a civilian government are set for 18 May 1980, with the new government to be installed on 28 July 1980; a popularly-elected Constituent Assembly recently completed the writing of a new constitution which will come into effect with the return to civilian rule Political parties and leaders: Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Victor Raul Haya de la Torre; and Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; Popular Student, Peasant and Workers Front (FOCEP), Genaro Ledesma Voting strength (1978 election): 37% APRA, 25% PPC, 12% FOCEP, 26% other (mostly leftist groups) Communists: pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 factions) 1,200 Member of: AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean Pact, NAM, OAS, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $10.3 billion (1978, in current prices), $610 per capita; 73.0% private consumption, 12.9% public consumption, 14.4% gross investment; -0.3% net foreign balance (1978); real growth rate (1978), -1.8% Agriculture: main crops-wheat, potatoes, beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports-wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake, 2,359 calories per day per capita (1974); protein intake 53 grams per day per capita Fishing: catch 2.0 million metric tons (1978); exports $238 million (1978) Major industries: mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, ship-building, metal fabrication Electric power: 2,542,300 kW capacity (1977); 8.5 billion kWh produced (1978), 510 kWh per capita Exports: $1,941 million (f.o.b., 1978); copper, fish and fish products, copper, silver, iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee Imports: $1,601 million (f.o.b., 1978); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals Major trade partners: exports-30% U.S., 16% Latin America, 20% EC, 12% Japan, 1% U.S.S.R. (1977); imports29% U.S., 19% EC, 30% Latin America, 7% Japan (1977) PERU/PHILIPPINES Budget: (1978 Public Sector) $3.8 billion current revenues, $5.0 billion total expenditures including debt amortization Monetary conversion rate: 241.160 soles US$1 (26 October 1979); floats against U.S. dollar Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS WATER Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 0-300 nm (under an archipelago theory, waters within straight lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands are considered internal waters; waters between these baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898, the U.S.-Spain Treaty of November 7, 1900, and the U.S.-U.K. Treaty of January 2, 1930 are considered to be the territorial sea) Coastline: about 22,540 km PEOPLE Population: 48,274,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.5% (current) Nationality: noun-Filipino(s); adjective-Philippine Ethnic divisions: 91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other Religion: 83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other Language: Tagalog (renamed Pilipino) is the national language of the Philippine Republic; English is the language of school instruction and government business Literacy: about 83% Labor force: 15.4 million (1976); 60% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 12% manufacturing, 10.5% commerce, 10.5% government and services (business, recreation, domestic, personal), 3.5% transport, storage, communication, 3% construction; 0.5% other GOVERNMENT Legal name: Republic of the Philippines Type: republic Capital: Manila Political subdivisions: 72 provinces Legal system: based on Spanish, Islamic, and AngloAmerican law; parliamentary constitution passed 1973; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; currently being ruled under martial law National holiday: Independence Day, 12 June Branches: new constitution (currently suspended) provides for unicameral National Assembly, and a strong executive branch under a Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a Court of Appeals, courts of First Instance in various provinces, municipal courts in chartered cities, and justices of the peace in towns and municipalities; these justices have considerably more authority than do justices of the peace in the U.S. Government leader: President Ferdinand Marcos Elections: elections held for an interim National Assembly to meet in June PHILIPPINES/POLAND Political parties and leaders: political parties currently in limbo because of martial law Communists: about 2,100-2,400 armed insurgents Member of: ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $23.2 billion (1978), $510 per capita; 5.8% real growth, 1978 Agriculture: main crops-rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco Fishing: catch 1.5 million metric tons (1977) Major industries: mining, agricultural processing, textiles, chemicals and chemical products Electric power: 4,546,000 kW capacity (1978); 16.4 billion kWh produced (1978), 360 kWh per capita Exports: $3.4 billion (f.o.b., 1978); coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber, copper concentrates, bananas, garments, nickel, abaca Imports: $4.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat Major trade partners: (1978) exports-33% U.S., 24% Japan; imports-27% Japan, 21% U.S. Aid: commitments 1970-76: U.S. economic, $467.3 million, military, $204.8 million; Western (except U.S.), $996.3 million; Eastern Europe, $35.5 million; OPEC, $61.0 million Budget: (CY78) revenues $3.8 billion, expenditures $4.6 billion, deficit $0.8 billion; 11% military, 89% civilian Monetary conversion rate: 7.38 pesos US$1, August 1979 Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 3,510 km total (1979); 2 common-carrier systems 1.067-meter gage totaling about 1,177 km; 19 industrial systems with 4 different gages totaling 2,333 km; 34% government owned Highways: 119,546 km total (1979); 18,546 km paved; 64,284 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 36,716 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels Pipelines: refined products, 251 km Ports: 11 major, numerous minor Civil air: approximately 60 major transport aircraft Airfields: 341 total, 313 usable; 57 with permanentsurface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 35 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service just adequate; 567,000 telephones (1.3 per 100 popl.); 273 AM stations, including 6 U.S.; and 6 FM stations; 24 TV stations, |