Government leaders: Nicolae Ceauşescu, President of the Socialist Republic, head of state; Ilie Verdet, Prime Minister Suffrage: universal over age 18, compulsory

Elections: elections held every 5 years for Grand National Assembly deputies and local people's councils

Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Romania only functioning party, Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General

Voting strength (1975 election): overall participation reached 99.96%; of those registered to vote (14,900,032), 98.8% voted for party candidates

Communists: 2,842,000 (end of 1978)

Member of: CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $67.5 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $3,100 per capita; 1978 real growth rate, 4.2%

Agriculture: net exporter; main crops-corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock-cattle, hogs, sheep; caloric intake, 118% of requirements

Fish catch: 150,701 metric tons (1977)

Major industries: machinery, metals, fuels, chemicals, textiles, food processing, timber processing

Shortages: iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural rubber

Crude steel: 11.8 million metric tons produced (1978), 530 kg per capita

Electric power: 14,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 64.2 billion kWh produced (1978), 2,940 kWh per capita

Exports: $8.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 28% machinery and equipment; 14% agricultural materials and foodstuffs; 18% manufactured consumer goods; 22% fuels, minerals, and metals; 18% other

Imports: $8.8 billion (mixture f.o.b. and c.i.f., 1978); 38% machinery and equipment; 37% fuels, minerals, metals; 7% agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs; 18% other (1977) Major trade partners: $17.0 billion in 1978; 53% non-Communist countries, 47% Communist countries (1978) Monetary conversion rate: 4.47 lei=US$1 (commercial), 12 lei=US$1 (tourist)

Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years except for caloric intake, which is reported for consumption year, 1 July-30 June

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 11,127 km total; 10,515 km standard gage (1.435 m), 567 km narrow gage, 45 km broad gage; 1,922 km electrified, 2,088 km double track; government owned (1977)

Highways: 80,361 km total; 28,471 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 15,888 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 36,002 km earth (1977)

Inland waterways: 1,660 km (1979)

Pipelines: 2,735 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 5,149 km natural gas

Freight carried: rail-247.9 million metric tons, 70.0 billion metric ton/km (1977); highway-458.1 million metric tons, 10.1 billion metric ton/km (1977); waterway7.9 million metric tons, 2.1 billion metric ton/km in approximately 1,270 waterway craft, with 707,000 metric ton capacity (1978)

Ports: 5 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia, Tulcea), 2 minor; principal inland waterway ports are Giurgiu, Turnu Severin, and Orsova (1979)

Military budget (announced): for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, 12.0 billion lei; about 3.5% of total budget

Capital: Kigali

Political subdivisions: 10 prefectures, subdivided into 143 communes

Legal system: based on German and Belgian civil law systems and customary law; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 July

Branches: executive (President, 16-member Cabinet); legislative (National Development Council); judiciary (4 senior courts, magistrates)

Government leader: Maj. Gen. Juvénal Habyarimana, President and Head of State

Suffrage: universal

Elections: last legislative election September 1969; none allowed by present government; elections of Communal Counsellors held November 1974; national elections including constitutional referendum and presidential plebiscite held December 1978

Political parties and leaders: National Revolutionary Movement for Development, General Habyarimana (officially not a party-a "development movement" only) Communists: no Communist party

Member of: AFDB, EAMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $1.0 billion (1978), $230 per capita; real average annual growth rate (1970-77), 5.5%

Agriculture: cash crops-mainly coffee, tea, some pyrethrum; main food crops-bananas, cassava; stock raising; self-sufficiency declining; country imports foodstuffs

Major industries: mining of cassiterite (tin ore), wolfram (tungsten ore), agricultural processing, and light consumer goods

Electric power: 35,000 kW capacity (1977); 142 million kWh produced (1977), 30 kWh per capita

Exports: $121.9 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); mainly coffee, tea, cassiterite, wolfram, pyrethrum

Imports: $125 million (c.i.f., 1978 est.); textiles, foodstuffs, machines, equipment

Major trade partners: U.S., Belgium, West Germany, Kenya

Budget: revenues $82.3 million; current expenditures $35.9 million, development expenditures $12.9 million Monetary conversion rate: 92.84 Rwanda francs=US$1 (official) since January 1974

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 9,020 km total; 320 km paved, 2,700 km gravel and/or improved earth, 6,000 km unimproved Inland waterways: Lake Kivu navigable by barges and native craft

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: State of St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Type: dependent territory with full internal autonomy as a British "Associated State"; Anguilla formally seceded in May 1967 but has not been recognized as an independent state by any government; in July 1968 a legislative council headed by Ronald Webster was elected to govern Anguilla; in March 1969 the U.K. sent troops to Anguilla, placing the island again under colonial rule; in 1971, Anguilla reverted to its former colonial relationship with the U.K. although nominally remaining part of the Associated state of St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla; Webster became leader of Anguillan Council after constitutionally held elections (1972); in February 1976, the U.K. granted a new constitution to Anguilla which gave it a greater degree of autonomy in domestic affairs; in February 1977 Emile Gumbs replaced Webster as Chief Minister

Capital: Basseterre

Political subdivisions: 10 districts

Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial organ is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands

Branches: legislative, 10-member popularly elected House of Assembly; executive, cabinet headed by Premier Government leaders: Premier, Lee Moore; U.K. Governor, Probyn Inniss

Suffrage: universal adult suffrage

Elections: at least every 5 years; most recent December

1975

Political parties and leaders: St. Chirstopher-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party, Lee Moore; People's Action Movement (PAM), William Herbert; Nevis Reformation Party (NRP), Ivor Stevens

Voting strength (December 1975 election): St. Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla Labor Party won 7 seats in the House of Assembly, NRP won 2, and 1 seat remains open for Anguilla which did not participate in the election Communists: none known

Member of: CARICOM, ISO

ECONOMY

GDP: $31.9 million (1977), $580 per capita Agriculture: main crops-sugar on St. Christopher, cotton on Nevis

Major industries: sugar processing, salt extraction Electric power: 15,000 kW capacity (1977); 32 million kWh produced (1977), 580 kWh per capita

Exports: $17.8 million (f.o.b., 1975); sugar, molasses, cotton, salt, copra

Imports: $19.5 million (c.i.f., 1975); foodstuffs, fuel, manufactures

Major trade partners: exports-50% U.S., 35% U.K.; imports-21% U.K., 17% Japan, 11% U.S. (1973)

Aid: economic-bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-77) from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $8.0 million; no military aid

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: St. Lucia

ST. VINCENT

Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 22 February 1979, recognizing Elizabeth II as Chief of State Capital: Castries

Political subdivisions: 16 parishes

Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands

Branches: legislative, bicameral; executive, Cabinet headed by Prime Minister

Government leaders: Prime Minister Allan Louisy
Suffrage: universal adult suffrage

Elections: every 5 years; most recent 2 July 1979 Political parties and leaders: United Worker's Party (UWP), John Compton; St. Lucia Labor Party (SLP), Allan Louisy

Voting strength (1974 election): UWP (53%) won 10 of the 17 elected seats in House of Assembly; SLP (45%) won 7 seats; independents (2%) no seats

Communists: negligible

Member of: CARICOM, OAS

ECONOMY

GDP: $65 million (in market prices, 1977); $590 per capita

Agriculture: main crops-bananas, copra, sugar, cocoa,

spices

Major industries: tourism, lime processing Shortages: food, machinery, capital goods. Electric power: 14,000 kW capacity (1977); 40 million kWh produced (1977), 360 kWh per capita

Exports: $22.6 million (f.o.b., 1977); sugar, bananas, cocoa Imports: $59.3 million (c.i.f., 1977); foodstuffs, machinery and equipment, fertilizers, petroleum products

Aid: economic-bilateral commitments including Ex-Im (FY70-77), from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $19 million; no military aid

Major trade partners: 51% U.K., 9% Canada, 17% U.S. (1970)

Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars US$1 (July 1976)

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 750 km total; 450 km paved; 300 km otherwise improved

Ports: 1 major (Castries), 1 minor

Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft leased in Airfields: 2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runway 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: fully automatic telephone system with 7,000 telephones (5.8 per 100 popl.); direct radio-relay link with Martinique; interisland troposcatter links to Barbados and Antigua; 3 AM stations, 1 TV station

LAND

(See reference map II)

389 km2 (including northern Grenadines); 50% arable, 3% pasture, 44% forest, 3% wasteland and built-on WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 3 nm Coastline: 84 km

PEOPLE

Population: 114,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 1.8% (4-60 to 1-76)

Nationality: noun-St. Vincentian(s) or Vincentian(s); adjectives-St. Vincentian or Vincentian

Ethnic divisions: mainly of African Negro descent; remainder mixed with some white and East Indian and Carib Indian

Religion: Church of England, Methodist, Roman Catholic Language: English, some French patois

Literacy: about 80%

Labor force: 50,000 (1972 est.); about 60% unemployed Organized labor: 10% of labor force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: St. Vincent and the Grenadines Type: independent state within Commonwealth as of 27 October 1979

Capital: Kingstown

Legal system: based on English common law; constitution of 1960; highest judicial body is Court of Appeal of Leeward and Windward Islands

Government leaders: Premier R. Milton Cato; Governor General (U.K.) Sir Rupert G. John

Suffrage: universal adult suffrage (18 years old and over) Elections: every 5 years; most recent December 9, 1974 Political parties and leaders: People's Political Party (PPP), Ebenezer Joshua; St. Vincent Labor Party (LP), R. Milton Cato; Democratic Freedom Movement, Parnell Campbell and Kenneth John; Youlou United Liberal Organization (YULIMO), Ralph Gonsalves

Voting strength (1975 election): LP 10 seats, PPP 2 seats, independent 1 seat in the Legislature

Member of: CARICOM

ECONOMY

GNP: $33.5 million (at market prices, 1976); $300 per capita

Agriculture: main crops-bananas, arrowroot, coconut Major industries: food processing

Electric power: 6,500 kW capacity (1977); 18 million kWh produced (1977), 190 kWh per capita

Exports: $9.3 million (f.o.b., 1976); bananas, arrowroot,

copra

Imports: $23.7 million (c.i.f., 1976); fertilizer, flour, transportation equipment, lumber, textiles

Major trade partners: exports-61% U.K., 30% CARICOM, 9% U.S.; imports-29% CARICOM, 28% U.K., 9% Canada, 9% U.S. (1972)

Aid: economic-bilateral economic commitments including Ex-Im (1970-77), from Western (non-U.S.) countries, $6.0 million; no military aid

Monetary conversion rate: 2.70 East Caribbean dollars US$1 (July 1976)

GOVERNMENT

(See reference map IV)

Legal name: Republic of San Marino

Type: republic (dates from 4th century A.D.); in 1862 the Kingdom of Italy concluded a treaty guaranteeing the independence of San Marino; although legally sovereign, San Marino is vulnerable to pressure from the Italian Government

Capital: San Marino

Political subdivisions: San Marino is divided into 9 castelli: Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Dogmanano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Monte Giardino, San Marino, Serravalle

Legal system: based on civil law system with Italian law influences; electoral law of 1926 serves some of the functions of a constitution; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holidays: 1 April, 1 October

Branches: the Grand and General Council is the legislative body elected by popular vote; its 60 members serve 5-year terms; Council in turn elects two Captains-Regent who exercise executive power for term of 6 months, the Council of State whose members head government administrative departments and the Council of Twelve, the supreme judicial body; actual executive power is wielded by the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs and the Secretary of State for Internal Affairs

Government leaders: since 17 July 1978 Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs and for Information, Giordano Bruno Reffi (Socialist); Secretary of State for Internal Affairs and Justice, Alvaro Selva (Communist); Secretary of State for Budget, Finance, and Planning, Emilio Baldo (Unitary Socialist)

Suffrage: universal (since 1960)

Elections: elections to the Grand and General Council required at least every 5 years; an election was held 28 May 1978