Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic party (DCS), Gian Luigi Berti; Social Democratic Party (PSDSM), Alvaro Casali; Socialist Party (PSS), Remy Giacomini; Communist Party (PCS), Umberto Barulli; People's Democratic Party (PDP), leader unknown; Committee for the Defense of the Republic (CDR), leader unknown

Voting strength (1974 election): 39.6% DCS, 23.7% PCS, 15.4% PSDIS, 13.9% PSS, 1.9% PDP, 2.9% CDR

Communists: approx. 300 members (number of sympathizers cannot be determined); PSS, in government with Christian Democrats since March 1973, formed a government with the PCS from the end of World War II to 1957 Other political parties or pressure groups: political parties influenced by policies of their counterparts in Italy, the two Socialist parties are not united

Member of: ICJ, International Institute for Unification of Private Law, International Relief Union, IRC, UPU, WTO

ECONOMY

Principal economic activities of San Marino are farming, livestock raising, light manufacturing, and tourism; the largest share of government revenue is derived from the sale of postage stamps throughout the world and from payments by the Italian government in exchange for Italy's monopoly in retailing tobacco, gasoline, and a few other goods; main problem is finding additional funds to finance badly needed water and electric power systems expansions

Agriculture: principal crops are wheat (average annual output about 4,400 metric tons/year) and grapes (average annual output about 700 metric tons/year); other grains, fruits, vegetables, and animal feedstuffs are also grown; livestock population numbers roughly 6,000 cows, oxen, and sheep; cheese and hides are most important livestock products

Electric power: imported from Italy

Manufacturing: consists mainly of cotton textile production at Serravalle, brick and tile production at Dogane, cement production at Acquaviva, Dogane, and Fiorentino, and pottery production at Borgo Maggiore; some tanned hides, paper, candy, baked goods, Moscato wine, and gold and silver souvenirs are also produced

Foreign transactions: dominated by tourism; in summer months 20,000 to 30,000 foreigners visit San Marino every day; a number of hotels and restaurants have been built in recent years to accommodate them; remittances from Sanmarinese abroad also represent an important net foreign inflow; commodity trade consists primarily of exchanging building stone, lime, wood, chestnuts, wheat, wine, baked goods, hides, and ceramics for a wide variety of consumer manufactures

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: about 104 km.

Civil air: no major transport aircraft

National holiday: Independence Day, 12 July Branches: Da Costa heads the government assisted by a cabinet of ministers

Government leader: President Manuel Pinto da Costa Suffrage: universal for age 18 and over

Elections: elections were held July 1975 for the President Political parties and leaders: Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe (MLSTP), Secretary-General Manuel Pinto Da Costa

Communists: no Communist party, probably a few Communist sympathizers

Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N.

ECONOMY

GNP: $19.7 million (1977); per capita income $260 (1977 est.)

Agriculture: cash crops-cocoa, copra, coconut, coffee, palm oil, bananas

Major industries: food processing on small scale, timber Electric power: 3,000 kW capacity (1977); 5 million kWh produced (1977), 70 kWh per capita

Exports: $23.0 million (f.o.b., 1977); mainly cocoa (90%), copra (7%), coffee, palm oil

Imports: $14.1 million (c.i.f., 1977); communications equipment, light and heavy vehicles, food products, beverages, fuels and lubricants

Major trade partners: main partner, Portugal; followed by Netherlands, West Germany, African neighbors

Aid: economic-(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries, $577 million; U.S., $0.3 million

Budget: public revenue $8.6 million, current expenditure $4.3 million, development expenditure $4.7 million Monetary conversion rate: 40.64 escudos US$1 (November 1977)

Fiscal year: probably calendar year COMMUNICATIONS

Ports: 1 major (Sao Tome)

Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 4 total, 4 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: minimal system; 900 telephones (1.0 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations

LAND

SAUDI ARABIA

Estimated at about 2,331,000 km2 (boundaries undefined and disputed); 1% agricultural, 1% forested, 98% desert, waste, or urban

Land boundaries: 4,537 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (plus 6 nm "necessary supervision zone")

Coastline: 2,510 km

PEOPLE

(See reference map V)

Population: 8,224,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 3.0% (current)

Nationality: noun-Saudi(s); adjective-Saudi Arabian or

Saudi

Ethnic divisions: 90% Arab, 10% Afro-Asian (est.)
Religion: 100% Muslim
Language: Arabic
Literacy: 15% (est.)

Labor force: about 33% (one-half foreign) of population; 44% commerce, services, and government; 28% agriculture, 21% construction, 4% industry, 3% oil and mining

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Type: monarchy

Capital: Riyadh; foreign ministry and foreign diplomatic representatives located in Jiddah

Political subdivisions: 18 amirates

Legal system: largely based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: 23 September

Branches: King Khalid (Al Sa'ud, Khalid ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz) rules in consultation with royal family (especially Crown Prince Fahd), and Council of Ministers

Government leader: King Khalid ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz Al

Sa'ud

Communists: negligible

Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

ECONOMY

SENEGAL

GDP: $64 billion (1978 est.), $9,800 per capita; annual growth in real non-oil GNP approx. 15% (1973/77 average, non-oil)

Agriculture: dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in

food

Major industries: petroleum production 9.2 million b/d (1978); payments to Saudi Arabian Government, $36 billion (1977); cement production and small steel-rolling mill and oil refinery; several other light industries, including factories producing detergents, plastic products, furniture, etc.; PETROMIN, a semipublic agency associated with the Ministry of Petroleum, has recently completed a major fertilizer plant

Electric power: 5,900,000 kW capacity (1978); 11.8 billion kWh produced (1978), 1,500 kWh per capita

Exports: $45 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 99% petroleum and petroleum products

Imports: $17.8 billion (c.i.f., 1978); manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, and processed food products

Major trade partners: exports-U.S., Western Europe, Japan; imports-U.S., Japan, West Germany

Aid: large aid donor; military and economic aid in 1977 amounted to $4 billion

Budget: public revenue $41.6 billion, current expenditure $32.8 billion, development expenditure $17.1 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Saudi riyal=US$29.4 (1978) (linked to SDR, freely convertible)

Fiscal year: follows Islamic year; the 1978-79 Saudi fiscal year covers the period 6 June 1978 through 25 May 1979

LAND

(See reference map VI)

196,840 km2; 13% forested, 40% agricultural (12% cultivated), 47% built-up areas, waste, etc. Land boundaries: 2,680 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 150 nm (fishing 200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone Coastline: 531 km

PEOPLE

Population: 5,591,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.6% (current)

Nationality: noun-Senegalese (sing. & pl.); adjectiveSenegalese

Ethnic divisions: 36% Wolof, 17.5% Fulani, 16.5% Serer, 9% Tukulor, 9% Dyola, 6.5% Malinke, 4.5% other African, 1% Europeans and Lebanese

Religion: 80% Muslim, 15% animist, 5% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)

Language: French official, but regular use limited to literate minority; most Senegalese speak own tribal language; use of Wolof vernacular spreading-now spoken to some degree by nearly half the population

Literacy: 5%-10% (est.) in 14 plus age group Labor force: 1,732,000; about 80% subsistence agricultural workers; about 170,000 wage earners

Organized labor: majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying membership very limited, three labor central unions, major central is CNTS, an affiliate of governing party

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Senegal

Type: republic

Capital: Dakar

Political subdivisions: 8 regions, subdivided into 27 departments, 95 arrondissements

Legal system: based on French civil law system; constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963 and 1970; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court (which also audits the government's accounting office); legal education at University of Dakar; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Independence Day, 4 April

Branches: government dominated by President who is assisted by Prime Minister, appointed by President and subject to dismissal by President or censure by National Assembly; 100-member National Assembly, elected for 5 years (effective 1978); President elected for 5-year term (effective 1978) by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme Court, with members appointed by President Government leaders: Léopold Sédar Senghor, President; Abdou Diouf, Prime Minister

Suffrage: universal adult

Elections: presidential and legislative elections held February 1978 for 5-year term

Political parties and leaders: legal parties are Parti Socialiste (PS), ruling party led by President Leopold Senghor; Parti Democratique Senegalaise (PDS), “liberal democratic" party founded July 1974, and "Marxist-Leninist" African Independence Party (PAI), legalized in August 1976; Conservative Senegalese Republican Movement (MRS); unauthorized parties include clandestine PAI splinter group, leftist Rassemblement Nationale Democratique (RND), and Parti Communiste Senegalais (PCS)

Communists: small number of Communists and sympathizers associated with PAI and PCS

Other political or pressure groups: students and teachers occasionally strike

Member of: AFDB, APC, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $2.2 billion (1978), $410 per capita; real growth -2.3% in 1976; nominal growth 1.0% in 1978

Agriculture: main crops-peanuts, millet, sorghum, manioc, rice; peanuts primary cash crop; production of food crops increasing but still insufficient for domestic requirements

Fishing: catch 288,843 metric tons (1977); exports $30.9 million (1974)

Major industries: fishing, agricultural processing plants, light manufacturing, mining

Electric power: 183,850 kW capacity (1977); 603 million kWh produced (1977), 120 kWh per capita

Exports: $424.5 million (f.o.b., 1978); peanuts and peanut products; phosphate rock; canned fish

Imports: $624.8 million (c.i.f., 1978); food, consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment

Major trade partners: France, EC (other than France), and franc zone

Aid: economic-Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $640 million; Communist countries (1970-76), $87.7 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $81.0 million; U.S. (1970-77), $59.8 million; military-(1977) U.S., $8.0 million

Budget: public revenue $412.2 million, current expenditures $376.8 million, development expenditures $39.9 million

Monetary conversion rate: francs; about 225.6 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 as of November 1977, floating

Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

Ethnic divisions: Seychellois (admixture of Asians, Africans, Europeans)

Religion: 90% Roman Catholic

Language: English official; Creole most widely spoken; French

Literacy: 60% adult; 75% school-age children

Labor force: 15,000 in monetized sector (excluding selfemployed, domestic servants, and workers on small farms); 33% public sector employment, 20% private sector employment in agricuture, 20% private sector employment in construction and catering services

Organized labor: 3 major trade unions

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Seychelles

Type: republic; member of the Commonwealth

Capital: Victoria, Mahé Island

Legal system: based on English common law, French civil

law system, and customary law

National holiday: 29 June

Branches: President, Council of Ministers

Government leader: President, France Albert René Suffrage: universal adult

Elections: general elections held June 1979 gave 98% approval to René as only presidential candidate on yes/no ballot

Political parties and leaders: René, who heads the Seychelles People's United Party, came to power by a military coup in June 1977, until then he had been Prime Minister in an uneasy coalition with then President James Mancham, who headed the Seychelles Democratic Party. Réne banned the Seychelles Democratic Party in mid-March 1978, and announced a new constitution in March 1979 that turned the country into a one-party state

Communists: negligible, although some cabinet ministers espouse pro-Soviet line

Other political or pressure groups: trade unions
Member of: G-77, NAM, OAU, U.N.

ECONOMY GDP: $89.4 million (1977 est.); $1,470 per capita; 22.4% growth rate (1977)

Agriculture: islands depend largely on coconut production and export of copra; cinnamon, vanilla, and patchouli (used for perfumes) are other cash crops; food crops-small quantities of sweet potatoes, cassava, sugarcane, and bananas; islands not self-sufficient in foodstuffs and the bulk of the supply must be imported; fish is an important food

source

Major industries: processing of coconut and vanilla, fishing, small-scale manufacture of consumer goods, coir rope factory, tea factory, tourism

Electric power: 11,000 kW capacity (1977); 25 million kWh produced (1977), 410 kWh per capita

Exports: $12.5 million (f.o.b., 1978); cinnamon (bark and oil) and vanilla account for almost 50% of the total, copra accounts for about 40%, the remainder consisting of patchouli, fish, and guano

Imports: $51.3 million (c.i.f., 1978); food, tobacco, and beverages account for about 40% of imports, manufactured goods about 25%, machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products, textiles

Major trade partners: exports-India, U.S.; importsU.K., Kenya, South Africa, Burma, India, Australia

Aid: economic-(1970-77) Western (non-U.S.) countries, $95 million; U.S., $0.7 million; OPEC (ODA) (1977), $0.1 million

Budget: (1978) revenue $27 million, current expenditure $26.1 million, development expenditure $15.3

Monetary conversion rate: 5.4 Seychelles rupees=US$1 (1978)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 215 km total; 145 km bituminous, 70 km crushed stone or earth

Ports: 1 small port (Victoria)

Civil air: no major transport aircraft

Airfields: 7 total, 7 usable (on Praslin Island, Astove Island, Bird Island, Mahe Island); with 1 permanent-surface runway 2,440-3,659

Telecommunications: direct radiocommunications with adjacent island and African costal countries; 4,600 telephones (7.1 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, no FM, and no TV stations; Indian Ocean satellite station

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 14,000; 7,000 fit for military service

Supply: infantry-type weapons and ammunition from Tanzania, U.S.S.R., and the PRC