Communists: small Communist Party illegal since 1950; party in exile maintains headquarters in London; Dr. Yasuf Dadoo, Moses Kotane, Joe Slovo

Other political groups: (insurgent groups in exile) African National Congress (ANC), Oliver Tambo; Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), Vusumzi Make

Member of: GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commission, IWC-International Wheat Council, U.N., UPU (South Africa in process of being expelled from UPU but they have not been officially notified as yet), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

ECONOMY

GDP: $46.0 billion (1978 est.), about $1,680 per capita; real growth rate 2.5% (1978 est.)

Agriculture: main crops-corn, wool, wheat, sugarcane, tobacco, citrus fruits; dairy products; self-sufficient in foodstuffs

Fishing: catch 602,867 metric tons (1977)

Major industries: mining, automobile assembly, metalworking, machinery, textiles, iron and steel, chemical, fertilizer, fishing

Electric power: 15,272,800 kW capacity (1977); 87 billion kWh produced (1977), 3,240 kWh per capita

Exports: $12.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978, excluding gold); wool, diamonds, corn, uranium, sugar, fruit, hides, skins, metals, metallic ores, asbestos, fish products; gold output $4.4 billion (1978 est.)

Imports: $7.6 billion (c.i.f., 1978 est.); motor vehicles, machinery, metals, petroleum products, textiles, chemicals Major trade partners: U.S., West Germany, Japan, U.K. Aid: no military or economic aid

Budget: FY78-revenue $9.9 billion, current expenditures $11.5 billion, development expenditures $10.9

Monetary conversion rate: 1 SA Rand=US$1.15, 0.84 SA Rand=US$1

Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 25,560 km total (includes Namibia); 24,854 km 1.067-meter gage of which 5,292 km are multiple track; over 5,000 km electrified; 706 km 0.610-meter gage single track Highways: 202,922 km total; 57,435 km paved, 145,487 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth

Pipelines: 836 km crude oil; 1,048 km refined products; 322 km natural gas

Ports: 8 major

Civil air: 77 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased Airfields: 636 total, 484 usable; 72 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 123 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: the system is the best developed, most modern, and highest capacity in Africa and consists of carrier-equipped open-wire lines, coaxial cables, radio-relay

Religion: 99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects Language: Castilian Spanish spoken by great majority; but 17% speak Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque Literacy: about 97%

Labor force (1979): 13.2 million; 19% agriculture, 27% industry, 10% construction 41% services; unemployment now estimated at nearly 8% of labor force

Organized labor: labor unions legalized April 1977 experiencing surge in membership; probably represent 3035% of the labor force (1979)

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Spanish State

Type: parliamentary monarchy defined by new constitution of December 1978, that completed transition from authoritarian regime of the late Generalissimo Franco and confirmed Juan Carlos I as monarch, but without the exceptional powers inherited from Franco on being proclaimed King 22 November 1975

Capital: Madrid

Political subdivisions: metropolitan Spain, including the Canaries and Balearics, divided into 50 provinces which are to be allowed to form autonomous regions—probably numbering 13-assuming numerous powers previously exercised by the central government; also 5 places of sovereignty (presidios) on the Mediterranean coast of Morocco; transferred administration of Spanish Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania on February 26, 1976

Legal system: civil law system, with regional applications; new constitution provides for rule of law, established jury system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on unconstitutionality of laws and to serve as court of last resort in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: 24 June

Branches: executive, with King's acts subject to countersignature, Prime Minister (presidente) and his ministers responsible to lower house; legislative with bicameral Cortes consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (350 members) and Senate (208 members) with possible addition of 1 to 6 members from each new autonomous region; judicial, independent

Government leaders: King Juan Carlos I-Chief of State, and Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces; and Prime Minister (Presidente) Adolfo SUÁREZ González

Suffrage: universal at age 18

Elections: parliamentary election 1 March 1979 for 4year term; local elections for municipal councils on 3 April 1979

Political parties and leaders: principal national parties in the 1979 elections from right to left: the conservative Democratic Coalition (CD) led by former ministers Fraga, Areilza, and the major rightist group-made a poor showing; the Union of the Democratic Center (UCD)—the centerright of Prime Minister Suarez, the Spanish Socialist Workers

Party (PSOE), the major party of the democratic left is led by Secretary General Felipe Gonzales, the Spanish Communist Party (PCE), led by Santiago Carrillo, and its several regional branches espouse Eurocommunism; chief regional parties: Convergence and Unity (CIU) of Jordi Pujol in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) of Carlos Garaicoechea; Basque radical coalition Popular Unity (HB); and Socialist Party of Andalusia (PSA) of Alejandro Rojas Marcos

Voting strength: (1979 parliamentary election in lower house) UCD 34.3% and 168 seats 8 seats short of a majority; PSOE 29.9%, 121 seats; PCE 10.4% and 23 seats; CD 5.8%, and 9 seats; CIU 2.6%, 8 seats; PNV 1.5%, 7 seats; PSA 1.7%, 5 seats; HB 0.9%, 3 seats; and 6 others, 1 seat each

Communists: PCE claims to have over 200,000 members, but this figure is difficult to verify; the PCE's greatest strength is in labor where it dominates the country's strongest trade union, the Workers Commissions, which now claims a membership of around 1 million.

Other political or pressure groups: on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA), the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO), and the Anti-Fascist and Patriotic Revolutionary Front (FRAP) use terrorism to oppose the government; on the extreme right, the Guerrillas of Christ the King and the Anticommunist Apostolic Alliance (AAA) carry out vigilante attacks on ETA members and other leftists; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions; the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and land owning interests; Opus Dei; Catholic Action; university students

Member of: ASSIMER, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; applied for full membership in the EC 28 July 1977; joined Council of Europe 18 October 1977

ECONOMY

GNP: $142.3 billion (1978), $3,870 per capita; 67.5% private consumption, 11.4% public consumption, 19.9% gross fixed investment; 1.1% foreign balance; real growth rate 2.8% (1977)

Agriculture: main crops-grains, vegetables, fruits; virtually self-sufficient in good crop years

Fishing: landed 1.45 million metric tons (1977) Major industries: textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles

Crude steel: 11.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 300 kg per capita

Electric power: 28,200,000 kW capacity (1978); 100 billion kWh produced (1978), 2,650 kWh per capita

Exports: $13,033 million (f.o.b., 1978); principal itemsiron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, fruits and vegetables, textiles, footwear

Imports: $18,711 million (c.i.f., 1978); principal itemsfuels (25-30%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steeel, vegetables, automobiles

Major trade partners: (1978) exports-9.4% U.S., 16.7% France, 10.7% West Germany, 6.5% U.K., 46.6% EC, 66.9% OECD, 12.8% OPEC, 5.9% non-OPEC Latin America; imports-13.3% U.S., 9.1% France, 10.0% West Germany, 5.4% U.K., 34.7% EC, 57.5% OECD, 26.0% OPEC, 6.7% non-OPEC Latin America

Aid: economic authorizations-U.S., $1,437 million authorized aid (FY70-77); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $486 million (1970-77); military authorizationsU.S., $512 million (FY70-77)

Budget: (1978 central government)-budgeted revenues $18,079 billion, budgeted expenditures $18,692 billion, deficit $613 million

Monetary conversion rate: US$1.00=76.663 pesetas (1978 average)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 16,087 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 13,540 km 1.668-meter gage, 4,783 km electrified and 2,162 km double track; FEVE (governmentowned narrow gage railways) operates 1,757 km, of predominantly meter gage (1.000 m) and 384 km electrified; privately-owned railways operate 790 km, of predominantly meter gage (1.000 m), 245 km electrified and 56 km double track

Highways: 145,445 km total; 80,333 km national-4,097 km bituminous, concrete, stone block; 56,650 km bituminous treated; 15,125 km crushed stone; the remaining 65,112 km are classified as provincial or local roads

Inland waterways: 1,045 km; of minor importance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy Pipelines: 386 km crude oil; 1,030 km refined products; 98 km natural gas

out

Ports: 23 major, 150 minor

Civil air: 171 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased

Airfields (including Balearic and Canary Islands): 106 total, 97 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,660 m, 20 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: generally adequate, modern facilities; 9.53 million telephones (25.4 per 100 popl.); 180 AM, 250 FM, and 791 TV stations; 15 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean satellites

Population: 14,720,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 1.7% (current)

Nationality: noun--Sri Lankan(s); adjective-Sri Lankan Ethnic divisions: 71% Sinhalese, 21% Tamil, 6% Moor, 2% other

Religion: 64% Buddhist, 20% Hindu, 9% Christian, 6% Muslim, 1% other

Language: Sinhala official, Sinhala and Tamil listed as national languages, Sinhala spoken by about 70% of population; Tamil spoken by about 22%; English commonly used in government and spoken by about 10% of the population

Literacy: 82% (1970 est.)

Labor force: 4 million; 17% unemployed; employed persons-53.4% agriculture, 14.8% mining and manufacturing, 12.4% trade and transport, 19.4% services and other; extensive underemployment

Organized labor: 43% of labor force, over 50% of which employed on tea, rubber, and coconut estates

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka Type: independent state since 1948

Capital: Colombo

Political subdivisions: 9 provinces, 22 administrative districts, and four categories of semiautonomous elected local governments

Legal system: a highly complex mixture of English common law, Roman-Dutch, Muslim and customary law; new constitution 7 September 1978 reinstituted a strong, independent judiciary; legal education at Sri Lanka Law College and University of Sri Lanka, Peradeniya; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Independence Day, 22 May

Branches: the 1978 constitution established a strong presidential form of government under J. R. Jayewardene, who became Prime Minister following his party's election victory in July 1977; Jayewardene will remain president until 1983, regardless of whether parliament is dissolved and subsequent parliamentary elections are held; when his term in office expires, a new president will be chosen by a direct national election for a six year term.

Government leader: President J. R. Jayewardene
Suffrage: universal over age 18

Elections: national elections, ordinarily held every 6 years; must be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; last election held July 1977

Political parties and leaders: Sri Lanka Freedom Party, Sirimavo Ratwatte Dias Bandaranaike, President; Lanka Sama Samaja Party (Trotskyite), N. M. Perera, President; Tamil United Liberation Front, A. Amirthalingam leader; United National Party, J. R. Jayewardene; Communist Party/Moscow, K. P. Silva, General Secretary; Communist Party/Peking, N. Shanmugathasan, General Secretary; Mahajana Eksath Peramuna (People's United Front), M. B. Ratnayaka, President; Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna (People's Liberation Front), U. Gamanayake, General Secretary

Voting strength (1977 election): 30% Sri Lanka Freedom Party, 51% United National Party, 3.9% Lanka Sama Samaja Party, 1.8% Communist Party/Moscow, 6.5% TULF minor parties and independents accounted for remainder

Communists: approximately 107,000 voted for the Communist Party in the July 1977 general election; Communist Party/Moscow approximately 5,000 members (1975), Communist Party/Peking 1,000 members (1970 est.)

Other political or pressure groups: Buddhist clergy, Sinhalese Buddhist lay groups; far-left violent revolutionary groups; labor unions

Member of: ADB, ANRPC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY GNP: $2.8 billion in 1978 (1978 prices), $200 per capita; real growth rate 8.2% (1978)

Agriculture: agriculture accounts for about 39% of GNP; main crops-rice, rubber, tea, coconuts; 60% self-sufficient in food; food shortages-rice, wheat, sugar

Fishing: catch 138,528 metric tons (1977)

Major industries: processing of rubber, tea, and other agricultural commodities; consumer goods manufacture Electric power: 430,000 kW capacity (1978); 1.4 billion kWh produced (1978), 100 kWh per capita

Exports: $870 million (1978 est.); tea, rubber, coconut products

Imports: $1,200 million (1978 est.); food, petroleum, fertilizer

Major trade partners: (1977) exports-8% Pakistan, 8% U.K.; imports-12.4% Saudi Arabia, 9.8% Iran

Budget: (1978 revised estimate) revenue $689 million, expenditure $1,016 million

Monetary conversion rate: 15.60 rupees=US$1 (May 1979)

Fiscal year: 1 January-31 December (starting 1973) COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 1,636 km total (1979); all broad gage (1.435m); 102 km double track; no electrification; government owned Highways: 66,176 km total (1979); 24,300 km paved (mostly bituminous treated), 28,916 km crushed stone or gravel, 12,960 km improved earth or unimproved earth; in addition several thousand km of tracks, mostly unmotorable Inland waterways: 430 km; navigable by shallow-draft craft

Population: 18,378,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 3.2% (current)

Nationality: noun-Sudanese (sing. and pl.); adjectiveSudanese

Ethnic divisions: 39% Arab, 6% Beja, 52% Negro, 2% foreigners, 1% other

Religion: 73% Sunni Muslims in north, 23% pagan, 4% Christian (mostly in south)

Language: Arabic, Nubian, Ta Bedawie, diverse dialects of Nilotic, Nilo-Hamitic, and Sudanic languages, English; program of Arabization in process

Literacy: 5% to 10%

Labor force: 8.2 million (1978); 85% agriculture, 15% industry, commerce, services, etc.; labor shortages exist for almost all categories of employment

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Democratic Republic of the Sudan Type: republic under military control since coup in May 1969

Capital: Khartoum

Political subdivisions: 18 provinces, provincial and local administrations controlled by central government; limited regional autonomy in 6 southern provinces

Legal system: based on English common law and Islamic law; some separate religious courts; permanent constitution promulgated April 1973; legal education at University of Khartoum and Khartoum extension of Cairo University at Khartoum; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 January Government leader: President, Gen. Ja'far Muhammad Numayri

Suffrage: universal adult

Elections: elections for National People's Assembly and Southern Regional People's Assembly held in February 1978; most recent Presidential election held April 1977 with Numayri as sole candidate

Political parties and leaders: all parliamentary political parties outlawed since May 1969; the ban on the Sudan Communist Party was not enforced until after abortive coup in July 1971; the government's mass political organization, the Sudan Socialist Union, was formed in January 1972 Other political or pressure groups: Muslim Brotherhood; Ansar Muslim sect, at odds with the military regime since the May coup, are being reintegrated into national political life; members of opposition National Front, composed of former political party elements and other disgruntled conservative interests, agreed to disband and join national reconciliation efforts in April 1978

Member of: AFDB, APC, Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $6.0 billion at current prices (1977), $320 per capita at current prices

Agriculture: main crops-sorghum, millet, wheat, sesame, peanuts, beans, barley; not self-sufficient in food production; main cash crops-cotton, gum arabic, peanuts, sesame

Major industries: cotton ginning, textiles, brewery, cement, edible oils, soap, distilling, shoes, pharmaceuticals Electric power: 231,800 kW capacity (1977); 672 million kWh produced (1977), 40 kWh per capita

Exports: $764.4 million (f.o.b., 1978); cotton (51%), gum arabic, peanuts, sesame; $57.5 million exports to Communist countries (FY76)

Imports: $1,663.7 billion (c.i.f., 1977); textiles, petroleum products, vehicles, tea, wheat; $75 million imports from Communist countries (FY76)

Major trade partners: U.K., West Germany, Italy, India, China, France, Japan

Budget: public revenue $1.5 billion, current expenditures $1.4 billion, development expenditures $560 million Monetary conversion rate: 1 Sudanese pound = US$2.50 (official); 0.348 Sudanese pound = US$1

Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 5,470 km total; 4,754 km 1.067-meter gage, 716 km 1.6096-meter gage plantation line

Highways: 10,550 km total; 600 km bituminous-treated, 800 km crushed stone or gravel, and 9,150 km improved and unimproved earth roads; in addition, there are an undetermined number of tracks