Organized labor: 25% of labor force (1973)

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Chile
Type: republic

Capital: Santiago.

Political subdivisions: 12 regions plus one metropolitan district, 41 provincial subdivisions.

Legal system: based on Code 1857 derived from Spanish law and subsequent codes influenced by French and Austrian law; constitution adopted 1925, amended since then, currently being revised; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of Chile, Catholic University, and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Independence Day, 18 September Branches: four-man Military-Police Junta, which exe cises constituent and legislative powers and has delegated executive powers to President of Junta; the President has announced a plan for transition from military to civilian rule by 1985; Congress dissolved; civilian judiciary remains

Government leader: President, Maj. Gen. Augusto PINOCHET Ugarte; other Junta members, Adm. Jose Toribio MERINO Castro, Brig. Gen. Fernando MATTHEI Aubel, Gen. César MENDOZA Durán

Suffrage: none

Elections: prohibited by decree; all electoral registers were destroyed in 1974

Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Andres Zaldivar and Eduardo Frei; National Party (PN), Sergio Onofre Jarpa; PDC and (PN) are officially recessed; Popular Unity coalition parties (outlawed)Communist Party (PCCh), Luis Corvalan (in exile); Socialist Party (PS), Clodomiro Almeyda and Carlos Altamirano (both in exile); Radical Party (PR); Christian Left (IC); United Popular Action Movement (MAPU); Independent Popular Action (API)

Voting strength (1970 presidential election): 36.6% Popular Unity coalition, 35.3% conservative independent, 28.1% Christian Democrat; (1973 Congressional election) 44% Popular Unity coalition, 56% Democratic Confederation (PDC and PN)

Communists: 248,000 when PCCh was legal in 1973; active militants now estimated at about 20,000

Other political or pressure groups: organized labor; business organizations; landowners' associations (SNASociedad Nacional de Agricultural); Catholic church; extreme leftist, Movement of Revolutionary Left (MIR), outlawed; rightist, Patria y Libertad (PyL), outlawed

Member of: CIPEC, ECOSOC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $15.1 billion (1978), $1,410 per capita; 81% private consumption, 12% government consumption; 11% gross investment, -4% net imports and factor payments abroad; real growth rate, 1978, 7.3%; 1972-78 average annual increase, 1.3%

Agriculture: main crops-wheat, potatoes, corn, sugar beet, onions, beans, fruits; about 90% self-sufficient; 2,650 calories per day per capita (1971 est.)

Fishing: catch 1.28 million metric tons (1977); exports $127.9 million (1977)

Major industries: copper, other minerals, foodstuffs, fish processing, transportation equipment, iron and steel, pulp, paper, and forestry products

Crude steel: 0.7 million metric tons capacity (1978); 574,200 metric tons produced (1978), 50 kg per capita

Electric power: 2,775,000 kW capacity (1977); 10.5 billion kWh produced (1978), 980 kWh per capita

Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1978); copper, iron ore, paper products, fishmeal, fruits, basic metal products, wood products

Imports: $3.2 billion (c.i.f., 1978); petroleum, wheat, cotton, textiles, plastics, capital goods

Major trade partners: exports-30% EC, 28% LAFTA, 14% U.S., 13% Japan; imports-30% LAFTA, 25% U.S., 15% EC, 8% Japan (1978)

Budget: $2.5 billion revenues, $2.8 billion expenditures (1977)

Monetary conversion rate: 39 pesos US$1 (30 June 1979), fixed until 29 February 1980

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 6,361 km total; 3,111 km 1.676-meter gage, 135 km standard gage (1.435 m), 3,115 km meter gage (1.00 m)

Highways: 75,200 km total; 9,000 km paved, 38,200 km gravel, 28,000 km improved and unimproved earth Inland waterways: 725 km

Pipelines: crude oil, 755 km; refined products, 785 km; natural gas, 320 km

Ports: 10 major, 20 minor

Civil air: 30 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in Airfields: 351 total, 340 usable; 46 with permanentsurface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 53 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: modern telephone system based on extensive radio relay facilities; 483,000 telephones (4.5 per 100 popl.); 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station; 1 domestic satellite station; 180 AM, 30 FM, and 56 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,740,000; 2,064,000 fit for military service; average number reaching military age (19) annually about 110,000

Population: 1,024,890,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 1.4% (current)

Nationality: noun-Chinese (sing., pl.); adjectiveChinese

Ethnic divisions: 94% Han Chinese; 6% Chuang, Uighur, Hui, Yi, Tibetan, Miao, Manchu, Mongol, Pu-I, Korean, and numerous lesser nationalities

Religion: most people, even before 1949, have been pragmatic and eclectic, not seriously religious; most important elements of religion are Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, ancestor worship; about 2% -3% Muslim, 1% Christian

Language: Chinese (Mandarin mainly; also Cantonese, Wu, Fukienese, Amoy, Hsiang, Kan, Hakka dialects), and minority languages (see ethnic divisions above)

Literacy: at least 25%

Labor force: 335 million (mid-1966); 85% agriculture, 15% other; shortage of skilled labor (managerial, technical, mechanics, etc.); surplus of unskilled labor

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: People's Republic of China

Type: Communist state; real authority lies with Communist party's political bureau; the National People's Congress, in theory the highest organ of government, in reality merely rubber stamps the party's programs; the State Council is the actual governing organism

Capital: Beijing (Peking)

Political subdivisions: 21 provinces, 3 centrally governed municipalities, and 5 autonomous regions

Legal system: before 1966, a complex amalgam of custom and statute, largely criminal; little ostensible development of uniform code of administrative and civil law; highest judicial organ is Supreme People's Court although legal activity centered in parallel network of Public Security organs; laws and legal procedure clearly subordinated to priorities of party policy; whole system largely suspended during Cultural Revolution, but has been revived; new legal codes in effect 1 January 1980

National holiday: National Day, 1 October

Branches: prior to 1966 control was exercised by Chinese Communist Party, through State Council, which supervised more than 50 ministries, commissions, bureaus, etc., all technically under the standing committee of the National People's Congress; this system broke down under "Cultural Revolution" pressures but has been largely restored

Government leader: Premier of State Council, Hua Guofeng (Kuo-feng); government subordinate to central committee of CCP, under Chairman Hua Guofeng

Suffrage: universal over age 18, though this is academic Elections: no meaningful elections

Political parties and leaders: Chinese Communist Party (CCP), headed by Hua Guofeng; Hua is Chairman of Central Committee; a new central committee was formed at the 11th Party Congress held in August 1977

Voting strength: 100% Communist for practical purposes; no political nonconformity permitted

Communists: about 37 million party members in 1977 Other political or pressure groups: army (PLA) remains a major force, although many soldiers who acquired a wide range of civil political-administrative duties during the Cultural Revolution have been removed; many veteran civilian officials, in eclipse since the Cultural Revolution, have been reinstated; mass organizations, such as the trade unions and the youth league, have been rebuilt

Member of: FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ITU, Red Cross, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, other international bodies

ECONOMY

GNP: $444 billion (1978), $440 per capita Agriculture: main crops-rice, wheat, miscellaneous grains, cotton; caloric intake, 2,000 calories per day per capita (1978); agriculture mainly subsistence; grain imports 9.4 million metric tons in 1978

Major industries: iron and steel, coal, machine building, armaments, textiles, petroleum

Shortages: complex machinery and equipment, highly skilled scientists and technicians

Crude steel: 31.8 million metric tons produced, 30 kg per capita (1978)

Electric power: 47 million kW capacity (1978); 256.6 billion kWh produced (1978), 260 kWh per capita Exports: $10.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); agricultural products, oil, minerals and metals, manufactured goods.

Imports: $11.1 billion (c.i.f., 1978); grain, chemical fertilizer, steel, industrial raw materials, machinery and equipment

Major trade partners: Japan, Hong Kong, West Germany, U.S., France, Australia, Canada, Romania, U.S.S.R., U.K. (1978)

Monetary conversion rate: as of 3 September 1979, about 1.54 yuan US$1 (arbitrarily established) Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: networks total about 46,000 route km common-carrier lines; about 600 km meter gage (1.00 m); rest standard gage (1.435 m); all single track except 9,000 km double track on standard gage lines; approximately 1,025 km electrified; about 10,000 km industrial lines (gages range from 0.59 to 1.435 m)

Highways: about 835,000 km all types roads; almost half (about 300,000 km) unimproved natural earth roads and tracks; about 215,000 km improved earth roads about 2- to 5-meters wide and in poor to fair condition; remainder (about 260,000 km) includes majority of principal roads Ports: 10 major, 180 minor

Airfields: 370 total; 252 with permanent surface runways; 9 with runways 3,500 m and over; 57 with runways 2,500 to 3,499 m; 231 with runways 1,200 to 2,499 m; 62 with runways less than 1,200 m; 2 seaplane stations; 9 airfields under construction.

Population: 26,476,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.1% (current)

Nationality: noun-Colombian(s); adjective-Colombian Ethnic divisions: 58% mestizo, 20% caucasian, 14% mulatto, 4% Negro, 3% mixed Negro-Indian, 1% Indian Religion: 95% Roman Catholic Language: Spanish

Literacy: 72-75% of population over 15 years old Labor force: 5.9 million (1973); 30% agriculture, 15% industry, 19% services, 13% commerce/hotels, 18% other (1973); 18.5% unemployment (1979)

Organized labor: 13% of labor force (1968)

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Colombia

Type: republic; executive branch dominates government

structure

Capital: Bogotá

Political subdivisions: 22 departments, 3 Intendants, 5 Commissariats, Bogotá Special District

Legal system: based on Spanish law; religious courts regulate marriage and divorce; constitution decreed in 1886, amendments codified in 1946 and 1968; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: Independence Day, 30 July Branches: President, bicameral legislature, judiciary Government leader: President Julio César TURBAY

Ayala

Suffrage: age 18 and over

Elections: every fourth year; last presidential and congressional elections June 1978; municipal and departmental elections every 2 years, last held February 1978

Political parties and leaders: Liberal Party, President Julio César Turbay and former President Carlos Lleras Restrepo; Conservative Party, Alvaro Gomez Hurtado; and Misael Pastrana Borrero head two principal factions

Voting strength: 1978 presidential election-Julio César Turbay 49%, Belisario Betancur 46%, Gen. Alvaro Valencia 1.3%; 1978 municipal election, 55% Liberal Party, 36% Conservative Party, 9% combined far left parties; 70% abstention of eligible voters

Communists: 10,000-12,000 members est.

Other political or pressure groups: Communist Party (PCC), Gilberto Vieira White; PCC/ML, Chinese Line Communist Party; National Movement, led by Belisario Betancur

Member of: FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, LAFTA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAFTA), OAS, SELA, U.N., UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $18.5 billion, est. (1978 est.), $720 per capita; 75% private consumption, 6% public consumption, 18% gross investment, 1.0% net foreign balance (1977)

Agriculture: main crops-coffee, rice, corn, sugarcane, plantains, bananas, cotton, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,140 calories per day per capita (1970)

Fishing: catch 75,107 metric tons 1976; exports $10.6 million (1973), imports $10.3 million (1973)

Major industries: textiles, food processing, clothing and footwear, beverages, chemicals, and metal products

Crude steel: 356,000 metric tons produced (1976), 14 kg per capita

Electric power: 4,650,000 kW capacity (1977); 18,800 million kWh produced (1978), 740 kWh per capita Exports: $2,900 million (f.o.b., 1978); coffee, fuel oil, cotton, tobacco, sugar, textiles, cattle and hides

Imports: $3,400 million (c.i.f., 1978); transportation equipment, machinery, industrial metals and raw materials, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, fuels, fertilizers, paper and paper products, foodstuffs and beverages

Major trade partners: exports-48% Japan, 27% U.S., 16% Germany, 10% Venezuela, 6% Netherlands; imports38% U.S., 9% Germany, 8% Japan, 5% Ecuador (1976) Budget: (1978) revenues $2.09 billion; expenditures $2.30 billion

Monetary conversion rate: 39.02 pesos=US$1 (June 1978, changes frequently)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 3,436 km, all 0.914-meter gage, single track, 35 km electrified

Highways: 52,100 km total; 8,200 km paved, 43,900 km gravel and earth

Inland waterways: 14,300 km, navigable by river boats Pipelines: crude oil, 3,585 km; refined products, 1,350 km; natural gas, 830 km; natural gas liquids, 125 km Ports: 5 major, 5 minor

Civil air: 89 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 675 total, 674 usable; 45 with permanentsurface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station and 1 domestic satellite station; 1.40 million telephones (5.3 per 100 popl.); 325 AM, 130 FM, and 48 TV stations

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 5,914,000; 3,871,000 fit for military service; average number reaching military age (18) annually about 298,000

Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $244.9 million; about 8.2% of central government budget

Type: three of the four islands comprise an independent republic, following local government's unilateral declaration of independence from France in July 1975; other island, Mayotte, disallowed declaration and is now a French Territorial community

Capital: Moroni

Political subdivisions: the three islands are organized into 7 regions

Legal system: French and Muslim law

Branches: Mohamed Abdallah elected President of the Comoros, October 21, 1978, having regained power May 1978 following a coup, led by French-born mercenary Bob Denard, which toppled Ali Soilih; Soilih had come to power in 1977 through a coup that ousted Abdallah; Soilih was killed in the recent coup

Suffrage: universal adult

Elections: next presidential election scheduled to take place in 1984

Communists: information not available

Member of: ADB, G-77, IBRD, IMF, NAM, OAU, U.N.

ECONOMY

GDP: $69.5 million (1975), about $240 per capita; growth probably negligible through 1974

Agriculture: food crops rice, manioc, maize, fruits, vegetables; export crops-essential oils for perfumes (mainly ylang-ylang), vanilla, copra, cloves

Exports: $9.3 million (f.o.b., 1978) perfume oils, vanilla, copra, cloves

Imports: $10.8 million (c.i.f., 1978); foodstuffs, cement, fuels, chemicals, textiles

Major trade partners: France, Madagascar, Kenya, Italy, FRG, Tanzania and U.S.

Electric power: 2,400 kW capacity (1977); 3 million kWh produced (1977); 10 kWh per capita

Aid: economic-Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $100 million; OPEC (ODA) (1973-76), $26.8 million

Budget: 1977 projected-revenues, $6.6 million; expenditures, $10 million; investment expenditures, $6.9 million; deficit, $10 million

Monetary conversion rate: 225.6 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$1 in 1978, floating COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 999 km total; approximately 295 km bituminous, remainder crushed stone or gravel

Ports: 1 minor (Moroni on Grande Comore)

Civil air: 3 major transports (2 registered in France) Airfields: 5 total, 5 usable; 5 with permanent surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: sparse system of HF radiocommunication stations for interisland, island and external communications to Malagasy and Reunion; 1,100 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and no TV stations