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CYPRUS

Branches: currently a rump government with effective authority only over the Greek Cypriot community, consisting of Greek Cypriot parts of bodies provided for by constitution; headed by President of the Republic and comprised of Council of Ministers, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court; Turkish Cypriots have their own "Constitution" and governing bodies within the "Turkish Federated State of Cyprus"

Government leaders: Greek Sector: President, Spyros Kyprianou, elected interim President in September 1977, to serve out the remainder of the term of Archbishop Makarios who died on 3 August 1977, and elected President in his own right by acclamation in February 1978; Turkish Sector: "President," Rauf Denktas; "Prime Minister," Osman Orek Suffrage: universal age 21 and over

Elections: officially every 5 years; Turkish Cypriot "Presidential" and "Parliamentary" elections held June. 1976; Greek Cypriot parliamentary elections held in September 1976

Political parties and leaders: Greek Sector: Restorative Party of the Working People (AKEL) (Communist Party), Ezekias Papaioannou; Democratic Rally (DS), Glavkos Kliridis; Democratic Party (DK), Spyros Kyprianou; United Democratic Union of the Center (EDEK), Vasos Lyssaridis; Turkish Sector: National Unity Party (UBP), Rauf Denktas; Populist Party (HP), Alper Orhon; Communal Salvation Party (TKP), Alpay Durduran; Republican Turkish Party (CTP), Ozker Ozgur

Voting strength: Rauf Denktas won the 1976 "Presidential" contest in the Turkish Cypriot zone with 76% of the vote and his party won 30 of 40 seats in the "Assembly" with 54% of the vote. In the Greek Cypriot parliamentary election of September 1976, a pro-Makarios coalition composed of AKEL, EDEK, and the Democratic Faction (DF) received 69.5% of the vote and 34 of 35 seats while Kliridis' Democratic Rally (DS) won 25% of the vote and no seats; the remaining seat was given to independent Tasos Papadopoulos

Communists: 12,000; sympathizers estimated to number

60,000

Other political or pressure groups: United Democratic Youth Organization (EDON) (Communist-controlled); Pan Cyprian Labor Federation (PEO) (Communist-controlled); Confederation of Cypriot Workers (SEK) (pro-West); Federation of Turkish Cypriot Labor Unions (KTIBF); Confederation of Revolutionary Labor Unions (DISK)

Member of: Commonwealth, Council of Europe, FAO, G77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $1,990 million (1978), $3,100 per capita; 1978 real growth rate 7.8%

Agriculture: main crops-potatoes, grapes, citrus fruit,

grains

Major industries: mining (iron pyrites, gypsum, asbestos), manufactures principally for local consumption-beverages, footwear, clothing, cement

Electric power: 430,000 kW capacity (1978); 900 million kWh produced (1978), 1,400 kWh per capita

Exports: $326.6 million (f.o.b., 1978); principal items— food and beverages including citrus, raisins, potatoes and wine, also cement and clothing

Turkish Sector exports: $15.7 million (f.o.b., 1976); principal items-citrus fruits, potatoes, metal pipes and pyrites

Imports: $684.2 million (c.i.f., 1978); principal itemsmanufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, fuels, food

Turkish Sector imports: $65.9 million (c.i.f., 1976); principal items are foodstuffs, raw materials, fuels, machinery

Major trade partners: imports (1978)—22.1% U.K., 11.6% Italy, 7.4% West Germany, 6.3% Greece, 5.6% U.S., 5.4% Japan, 4.8% France, 5.3% Iraq, 50.8% EC; exports (1978)— 27.7% U.K., 9.7% Saudi Arabia, 5.4% Syria, 5.4% Lebanon, 5.2% Libya, 4.1% Kuwait, 1.7% Greece, 1.3% U.S., 36.4% EC

Turkish Sector major trade partners: imports (1976)— 48% Turkey, 22% U.K., 7% West Germany, 5% France, 3% Netherlands, 3% Italy; exports (1976) -33% U.K., 29% Turkey, 18% Netherlands, 10% Italy

Turkish Sector aid: Turkey, probably $20-30 million annually since 1975; primarily development and budgetary aid with some balance of payments support

Budget: 1978-revenues $273.3 million, expenditures $331.7 million, deficit $58.4 million

Turkish Sector budget: 1978 revenues $44.9 million, expenditures $65.6 million, deficit $20.7 million

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cyprus pound = US$2.6797 (1978 average)

Turkish Sector monetary conversion rate: 24.282 Turkish lira US$1 (1978 average) Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: none

Highways: 9,710 km total; 4,580 km bituminous surface treated; 5,130 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

Ports: 3 major (Famagusta, Larnaca, Limassol), 6 minor; Famagusta under Turkish control

Civil air: 10 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in and 1 leased out

Airfields: 12 total, 11 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 1,220-2,439 m; 4 with runways 2,440-3,656 m

Telecommunications: moderately good telecommunication system in both Greek and Turkish sectors; 77,000 telephones (11.2 per 100 popl.); 12 AM, 4 FM, and 7 TV

CYPRUS CZECHOSLOVAKIA

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Political subdivisions: 2 ostensibly separate and nominally autonomous republics (Czech Socialist Republic and Slovak Socialist Republic); 7 regions (kraj) in Czech lands, three regions in Slovakia; national capitals of Prague and Bratislava have regional status

Legal system: civil law system based on AustrianHungarian codes, modified by Communist legal theory; revised constitution adopted 1960, amended in 1968 and 1970; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Charles University School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Liberation Day, 9 May

Branches: executive-President (elected by Federal Assembly), cabinet (appointed by President); legislativeFederal Assembly (elected directly), Czech and Slovak National Councils (also elected directly) legislate on limited area of regional matters; judiciary--Supreme Court (elected by Federal Assembly); entire governmental structure dominated by Communist Party

Government leaders: President Gustáv Husák (elected May 1975), Premier Lubomir Strougal

Suffrage: universal over age 18

Elections: governmental bodies every 5 years (last election, October 1976); President every 5 years

Dominant political party and leader: Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSC), Gustav Husak, General Secretary; Communist Party of Slovakia (KSS) has status of "provincial KSC organization"

Voting strength (1976 election): 99.7% for Communistsponsored single slate

Communists: 1.45 million party members and candidate members (January 1978)

Other political groups: puppet parties--Czechoslovak Socialist Party, Czechoslovak People's Party, Slovak Freedom Party, Slovak Revival Party

Member of: CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

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ECONOMY

GNP: $70.7 billion in 1978 (in 1978 dollars), $4,670 per capita; 1978 real growth rate 2.5%

Agriculture: diversified agriculture; main crops-wheat, rye, potatoes, sugar beets; net food importer-meat, wheat, vegetable oils, fresh fruits and vegetables; caloric intake, 3,100 calories per day per capita (1967)

Major industries: machinery, food processing, metallurgy, textiles, chemicals

Shortages: ores, crude oil

Crude steel: 15.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 1,000 kg per capita

Electric power: 16,125,000 kW capacity (1978); 69 billion kWh produced (1978), 4,560 kWh per capita

CZECHOSLOVAKIA/DENMARK

Exports: $11,650 million (f.o.b., 1978); 51% machinery, equipment; 28% fuels, raw materials; 3% foods, food products, and live animals; 18% consumer goods, excluding foods (1977)

Imports: $12,468 million (f.o.b., 1978); 39% machinery, equipment; 45% fuels, raw materials; 10% foods, food products, and live animals; 6% consumer goods, excluding foods (1977)

Major trade partners: U.S.S.R., GDR, Hungary, FRG, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, U.K.

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Railroads: 13,186 km total; 12,881 km standard gage (1.435 m), 112 km broad gage (1.524 m), 193 km narrow gage (0.750 m and 0.760 m); 2,807 km double track; 2,718 km electrified; government-owned (1978)

Highways: 73,677 km total; 60,157 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 13,520 km gravel, crushed stone (1978)

Inland waterways: 483 km (1979)

Pipelines: crude oil, 1,448 km; refined products, 861 km; natural gas, 6,000 km

Freight carried: rail-278.9 million metric tons, 72.4 billion metric ton/km (1978); highway-1,091.9 million metric tons, 18.1 billion metric ton/km (1978); waterway6.8 million metric tons, 3.5 billion metric ton/km (excl. int'l. transit traffic) in approximately 766 waterway craft with 454,370 metric ton capacity (1978)

Ports: no maritime ports; outlets are Gdynia, Gdańsk, and Szczecin in Poland; Rijeka and Koper in Yugoslavia; Hamburg, FRG; Rostock, GDR; principal river ports are Prague, Děčín, Komárno, Bratislava (1979)

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PEOPLE

(See reference map IV)

Population: 5,126,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 0.3% (current)

Nationality: noun-Dane(s); adjective-Danish Ethnic divisions: homogeneous white population Religion: 96% Evangelical Lutheran, 3% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 1% other

Language: Danish; small German-speaking minority Literacy: 99%

Labor force: 2,625,223 (January 1979); 8.6% agriculture, forestry, fishing, 24.6% manufacturing, 8.1% construction, 15.4% commerce, 6.6% transportation, 5.4% services, 29.3% government, 2.0% other; 7.7% (190,600) registered unemployed as a percentage of total labor force (1978 annual average)

Organized labor: 65% of labor force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Kingdom of Denmark
Type: constitutional monarchy
Capital: Copenhagen

Political subdivisions: 14 counties, 277 communes, 88

towns

Legal system: civil law system; constitution adopted 1953; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Universities of Copenhagen and Arhus; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: Birthday of the Queen, 16 April Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Folketing); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 2 superior courts, 106 lower courts Government leaders: Queen Margrethe II; Prime Minister, Anker Jørgensen

Suffrage: universal over age 21

DENMARK/DJIBOUTI

Elections: on call of prime minister but at least every four years (last election 23 October 1979)

Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic, Anker Jørgensen; Liberal, Henning Christophersen; Conservative, Ib Setter; Radical Liberal, Thorkild Møller; Socialist People's, Gert Petersen; Communist, Joergen Jensen; Left Socialist, Preben Wilhjelm; Center Democratic, Peder Duetoft; Christian People's, Jens Møller; Justice, Lars Fredsted Kristensen; Trade and Industry Party, Asger J. Lindinger

Voting strength (1979 election): 38.3% Labor, 12.5% Liberal, 12.5% Conservative, 11.0% Progress, 5.9% Socialist People's, 5.4% Radical Liberal, 3.6% Left Socialist, 3.2% Center Democrats, 2.6% Christian, 2.6% Justice

Communists: 7,500-8,000; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 114,034 Communist votes cast in 1977 elections Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, EEC, ELDO (observer), EMA, ESRD, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

ECONOMY

GNP: $62.5 billion (1979 est.), $12,210 per capita; 56.9% private consumption, 25.4% investment, 23.4% government, -4.2% net foreign sector and stock building; net income from abroad -1.5%; 1979 growth rate 2.0%, constant prices Agriculture: highly intensive, specializes in dairying and animal husbandry; main crops-cereals, root crops; food imports-oilseeds, grain, feedstuffs; caloric intake, 3,180 calories per day per capita (1968-69)

Fishing: catch 1.8 million metric tons (1977), exports $462 million (1977)

Major industries: food processing, machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, electronics, transport equipment, metal products, brick and mortar, furniture and other wood products

Crude steel: 863,000 metric tons produced (1978), 170 kg per capita

Electric power: 7,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 21 billion kWh produced (1978), 4,070 kWh per capita

Exports: $11.8 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal itemsmeat, dairy products, industrial machinery and equipment, textiles and clothing, chemical products, transport equipment, fish, furs, and furniture

Imports: $14.8 billion (c.i.f., 1978); principal items— industrial machinery, transport equipment, petroleum, textile fibers and yarns, iron and steel products, chemicals, grain and feedstuffs, wood and paper

Major trade partners: 48.5% EC-nine (19.1% West Germany, 12.8% U.K.); 13.0% Sweden; 5.5% U.S.; 5.3% Norway; 4.7% Netherlands; 4.0% Communist countries (1978)

Aid: donor-economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF) $1,700 million (1970-78)

Budget: (FY79 est.) expenditures $22.6 billion, revenues $20.6 billion

Monetary conversion rate: 5.281 Kroner = US$1 (1978

est.)

Fiscal year: calendar year, beginning 1 January 1979 COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 2,591 km standard gage (1.435 m); Danish State Railways (DSB) operate 2,101 km (1,999 km rail line and 102 km rail ferry services); 97 km electrified, 730 km double tracked; 490 km of standard gage lines are privately-owned and operated

Highways: approximately 66,482 km total; 64,551 km concrete, bitumen, or stone block; 1,931 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth

Inland waterways: 417 km

Pipelines: refined products, 418 km

Ports: 16 major, 44 minor

Civil air: 70 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 4 leased out

Airfields: 180 total, 137 usable; 23 with permanentsurface runways; 9 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: excellent telephone, telegraph, and broadcast services; 2.74 million telephones (53.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 13 FM, and 34 TV stations; 16 submarine coaxial cables

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 1,261,000; 1,106,000 fit for military service; 39,000 reach military age (20) annually

DJIBOUTI

(formerly French Territory of the Afars and Issas)

LAND

23,310 km2; 89% desert wasteland, 10% permanent pasture, and less than 1% cultivated

Land boundaries: 517 km

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm)

Coastline: 314 km (includes offshore islands)

PEOPLE

Population: 318,000 (January 1980) average annual growth rate 2.3% (current)

Nationality: noun-Afar(s), Issa(s); adjective-Afar, Issa
Ethnic divisions: Somalis (Issas) and Afars
Religion: 94% Muslim, 6% Christian

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Political subdivisions: 5 Cercles (districts)

Legal system: based on French civil law system, traditional practices, and Islamic law

Branches: 65-member parliament, cabinet, president, prime minister

Government leader: President, Hassan Gouled Aptidon Suffrage: universal

Elections: Parliament elected May 1977

Political parties and leaders: National Independence Union (UNI), Ali Aref Bourhan; Peoples Progress Assembly (RPP), Hassan Gouled; Front for the Liberation of the Somali Coast (FLCS)

Communists: possibly a few sympathizers
Member of: Arab League, NAM, OAU, UN

ECONOMY

GNP: $336 million (1976)

Agriculture: livestock; desert conditions limit commercial crops to about 6 hectares, including fruits and vegetables Industry: ship repairs and services of port and railroad drastically reduced with war of 1977-78 in Ethiopia's Ogaden that cut the railroad line; it has since been reopened Electric power: 23,500 kW capacity (1977); 55 million kWh produced (1977), 310 kWh per capita

Imports: $72 million (1976); almost all domestically needed goods-foods, machinery, transport equipment

Exports: $4.7 million (1976); hides and skins, and transit of coffee; since railroad line has been cut, values have plummeted

Aid: economic-Western (non-U.S.) countries (1970-77), $30 million; OPEC (1970-77), $25 million

Monetary conversion rate: 178 Djibouti francs=US$1 Fiscal year: probably same as that for France (calendar year)

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COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 97 km meter gage (1.00 m)

Highways: 987 km total; 220 km paved, 550 km improved earth; remainder unimproved earth

Ports: 1 major (Djibouti)

Airfields: 8 total, 8 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runway; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft (leased in)

Telecommunications: fair system of urban facilities in Djibouti and radiocommunication stations at outlying places; 4,000 telephones (1.2 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, and 1 TV station; 1 COMSAT station under construction

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, about 43,000; about 25,000 fit for military service

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