Political subdivisions: 10 Laender (states); Western sectors of Berlin are ultimately controlled by U.S., U.K., and France which, together with the U.S.S.R., have special rights and responsibilities in Berlin

Legal system: civil law system with indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1949; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Federal Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Branches: bicameral parliament-Bundesrat (upper house), Bundestag (lower house); President (titular head of state), Chancellor (executive head of government); independent judiciary

Government leaders: President Karl Carstens, elected 23 May 1979 for a 5-year term, took office 1 July 1979; Chancellor, Helmut Schmidt leads coalition of Social Democrats and Free Democrats

Suffrage: universal over age 18

Elections: next national election scheduled for October of

1980

Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Union/Christian Social Union (CDU/CSU), Helmut Kohl, Franz-Josef Strauss, Karl Carstens, Kurt Biedenkopf; Social Democratic Party (SPD), Willy Brandt, Hans Koschnick, Helmut Schmidt; Free Democratic Party (FDP), Hans-Die

trich Genscher, Hans Friderichs, Wolfgang Mischnick; National Democratic Party (NPD), Martin Mussgnug; Communist Party (DKP), Herbert Mies

Voting strength (1976 election): 42.6% SPD, 48.6% CDU/CSU, 7.9% FDP, 0.9% Splinter groups of left and right (no parliamentary representation)

Communists: about 40,000 members and supporters Other political or pressure groups: expellee, refugee, and veterans groups

Member of: ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECSC, EIB, ELDO, EMA, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $638.1 billion (1978), $10,380 per capita (1978); 55% consumption, 22% investment, 20% government consumption; net foreign balance 3% (distribution based on current price series)

Agriculture: main crops-grains, potatoes, sugar beets; 75% self-sufficient; food shortages-fats and oils, pulses, tropical products; caloric intake, 2,980 calories per day per capita (1975-76)

Fishing: catch 394,700 metric tons, $197 million (1978); exports $201 million, imports $593 million (1978)

Major industries: among world's largest producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, ships, vehicles

Shortages: fats and oils, sugar, cotton, wool, rubber, petroleum, iron ore, bauxite, nonferrous metals, sulfur Crude steel: 69 million metric tons capacity; 31.5 million metric tons produced (1978); 510 kg per capita Electric power: 84,900,000 kW capacity (1978); 353.4 billion kWh produced (1978), 5,740 kWh per capita Exports: $142 billion (f.o.b., 1978); manufactures 91.7% (machines and machine tools, chemicals, motor vehicles, iron and steel products), agricultural products 5.1%, fuels 1.3%, raw materials 1.9%

Imports: $121 billion (c.i.f., 1978); manufactures (excluding chemicals) 54.6%, fuels 16.1%, agricultural products 13.5%, raw materials 15.8%

Major trade partners: EC 47.4% (France 12.0%, Netherlands 11.2%, Belgium-Luxembourg 8.3%, Italy 8.1%, U.K. 5.5%); other Europe 17.8%; OPEC 8.3%; Communist economic 5.7%; U.S. 7.1% (data exclude interzonal trade)

Aid: donor-(1970-78) bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $17,794 million

Budget: (1978) expenditures $97.9 billion, revenues $85.2 billion, deficit $12.7 billion

Monetary conversion rate: DM 2.01 (West German marks)=US$1 (1978 average)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 33,453 km total; 29,032 km governmentowned, standard gage (1.435 m), 12,491 km double track; 10,100 km electrified; 4,421 km non-government owned; 3,997 km standard gage (1.435 m); 214 km electrified; 424 km meter gage (1.00 m); 186 km electrified

Highways: 398,720 km total; 161,400 km classified, includes 153,160 km cement-concrete, bituminous, or stone block (includes 5,792 km of autobahnen); 8,240 km gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; in addition, 237,320 km of unclassified roads of various surface types

Inland waterways: 5,222 km of which almost 70% usable by craft of 990 metric-ton capacity or larger

Pipelines: crude oil, 2,071 km; refined products, 2,943 km; natural gas, 95,414 km

(See reference map VI)

Religion: 45% animists, 43% Christian, 12% Muslim Language: English official; African languages include Akan 44%, Mole-Dagbani 16%, Ewe 13%, and Ga-Adangbe 8%

Literacy: about 25% (in English)

Labor force: 3.4 million; 61% agriculture and fishing, 16.8% industry, 15.2% sales and clerical, 4.1% services, transportation, and communications, 2.9% professional; 400,000 unemployed

Organized labor: 350,000 or approximately 10% of labor

force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of Ghana

Type: republic; independent since March 1957; transition from military to civilian rule scheduled fro July 1979 Capital: Accra

Political subdivisions: 8 administrative regions and separate Greater Accra Area; regions subdivided into 58 districts and 267 local administrative districts

Legal system: based on English common law and customary law; new constitution went into effect on 24 September 1979 with inauguration of new civilian regime; legal education at University of Ghana (Legon); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 March Branches: executive authority vested in Office of President; legislative authority housed in National Parliament; independent judiciary

Government leader: President Hilla Limann
Suffrage: universal over 21

Elections: elections held in June 1979 for parliament and president; presidential runoff election held in July

Political parties and leaders: People's National Party (PNP), Hilla Limann titular leader, party strongman is Imoru Egala, moderate leftist; Popular Front Party (PFP), Victor Owusu, chairman; United National Convention (UNC), led by William Ofori-Atta

Communists: a small number of Communists and sympathizers

Member of: AFDB, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $10.8 billion (1978 est.) at current prices, about $950 per capita; real growth rate less than 1% (1970-77)

Agriculture: main crop-cocoa; other crops include root crops, corn, sorghum and millet, peanuts; not self-sufficient, but can become so

Fishing: catch 382,649 metric tons (1977)

Major industries: mining, lumbering, light manufacturing, fishing, aluminum

Electric power: 1,157,000 kW capacity (1977); 4.0 billion kWh produced (1977), 350 kWh per capita

Exports: $1.0 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cocoa (about 70%), wood, gold, diamonds, manganese, bauxite, and aluminum (aluminum regularly excluded from balance of payments data)

Imports: $935.1 million (f.o.b., 1978 est.); textiles and other manufactured goods, food, fuels, transport equipment Major trade partners: U.K., EC, and U.S.

Budget: FY78 (proposed)-revenue $913 million; current expenditure $1,190.2 million, capital expenditure $349.8 million

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Cedi=US$0.66 (1978) Fiscal year: 1 July-30 June

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 953 km, all 1.067-meter gage; 32 km double track; diesel locomotives gradually replacing steam engines Highways: 32,200 km total; 6,084 km concrete or bituminous surface, 26,166 km gravel or laterite

Inland waterways: Volta, Ankobra, and Tano rivers provide 235 km of perennial navigation for launches and lighters; additional routes navigable seasonally by small craft; Lake Volta reservoir provides 1,125 km of arterial and feeder waterways

Pipelines: refined products, 3 km

Ports: 2 major (Tema, Takoradi), 1 naval base (Sekondi), 4 minor

Civil air: 3 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in, and 1 leased out

Airfields: 17 total, 14 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,537,000; 1,414,000 fit for military service; 136,000 reach military age (18) annually

Suffrage: all adult Gibraltarians, plus other U.K. subjects resident 6 months or more

Elections: every 5 years; last held in September 1976 Political parties and leaders: Labor, Sir Joshua Hassan; Democratic Movement, Joe Boscano

Voting strengths: (September 1976) Labor, 8 seats; Democratic Movement, 4 seats; independents, 3 seats

Communists: negligible

Other political or pressure groups: the Housewives Association; the Chamber of Commerce; Gibraltar Representatives Organization

ECONOMY

Economic activity in Gibraltar centers on commerce and large British naval and air bases; nearly all trade in the well-developed port is transit trade and port serves also as important supply depot for fuel, water, and ships' wares; recently built dockyards and machine shops provide maintenance and repair services to 3,500-4,000 vessels that call at Gibraltar each year.

U.K. military establishments and civil government employ nearly half the insured labor force; local industry is confined to manufacture of tobacco, roasted coffee, ice, mineral waters, candy, beer, and canned fish; some factories for manufacture of clothing are being developed; a small segment of local population makes its livelihood by fishing; in recent years tourism has increased in importance. Electric power: 40,000 kW capacity (1978); 80 million kWh produced (1978), 2,670 kWh per capita

Exports: $24.8 million (1976-77); principally rexports of tobacco, petroleum, and wine

Imports: $58.6 million (1976-77); principally manufactured goods, fuels, and foodstuffs; 69% from U.K. Major trade partners: U.K., Morocco, Portugal, Netherlands

Budget: (1976-77) revenue, $32.9 million; expenditure $32.0 million

Monetary conversion rate: 1 Gibraltar pound = 1 pound sterling US$1.92 (1978)

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: none

Highways: 56 km, mostly paved

Ports: 1 major (Gibraltar)

Civil air: 1 major transport aircraft (leased in) Airfields: 1 permanent-surface runway, 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: international radiocommunication facilities; automatic telephone system serving 8,200 telephones (27.3 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, about 8,000; about 4,000 fit for military service

Defense is responsibility of United Kingdom

Population: 9,457,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 0.7% (7-68 to 7-78)

Nationality: noun-Greek(s); adjective-Greek

Ethnic divisions: 98.8% Greek, 0.2% Turkish, 1.0% other Religion: 99% Greek Orthodox, 0.3% Moslem, 0.7% other Language: Greek; English and French widely understood Literacy: males about 94%; females about 79%; total about 86%

Labor force: 3.4 million (1978 est.); approximately 38% agriculture, 19% industry, 8% construction, 30% services, 1% other; unemployment 4%; urban unemployment is under 3%, but substantial unreported unemployment exists in agriculture

Organized labor: 10-15% of total labor force, 20-25% of urban labor force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Hellenic Republic

Type: presidential parliamentary government; monarchy rejected by referendum 8 December 1974

Capital: Athens

Political subdivisions: 52 departments (nomoi) constitute basic administrative units for country; each nomos headed by officials appointed by central government and policy and programs tend to be formulated by central ministries; degree

of flexibility each nomos may have in altering or avoiding programs imposed by Athens depends upon tradition and influence which prominent local leaders and citizens may exercise vis-a-vis key figures in central government. The departments of Macedonia and Thrace exercise some degree of autonomy from Athens since they are governed through the Ministry of Northern Greece.

Legal system: new constitution enacted in June 1975 National holiday: Independence Day, 25 March

Branches: executive consisting of a President, elected by the Vouli (parliament), a Prime Minister, and a cabinet; legislative consisting of the 300-member Vouli; and an independent judiciary

Government leaders: President Konstandinos Tsatsos; Prime Minister Konstandinos Karamanlis

Suffrage: universal age 20 and over

Elections: every 4 years; the government called for new elections on 20 November 1977 and was returned to power, albeit with a reduced majority

Political parties and leaders: Union of the Democratic Center, Ioannis Zigdis; New Democracy, Konstandinos Karamanlis; Panhellenic Socialist Movement, Andreas Papandreou; Communist Party-Exterior, Kharilaos Florakis; Communist Party-Interior, Kharalambos Drakopoulos; United Democratic Left, Ilias Iliou; Socialist Initiative, Georgios Mangakis; Nationalist Camp, Stefanos Stefanopoulos; Party of Democratic Socialism, Ioannis Pesmatzoglou

Voting strength: New Democracy, 172 seats; Democratic Center Union, 15 seats; Panhellenic Socialist Movement, 93 seats; Communists, 11 seats; The Alliance (leftist), 2 seats; National Camp, 5 seats; Neoliberals, 2 seats

Communists: an estimated 25,000-30,000 members and sympathizers

Member of: EC (associate), EIB (associate), EMA, GATT, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, NATO, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $32.3 billion (1978), $3,470 per capita; 64% consumption, 23% investment, 16% government; 4% change in stocks; net foreign balance -7%; real growth rate 5.9% (1978)

Agriculture: main crops-wheat, olives, tobacco, cotton; nearly self-sufficient; food shortages-livestock products Major industries: food and tobacco processing, textiles, chemicals, metal products

Shortages: petroleum, minerals, feed grains

Crude steel: 1.0 million metric tons produced (1976), 110 kg per capita

Electric power: 5,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 20 billion kWh produced (1978), 2,450 kWh per capita

Exports: $3,375 million (f.o.b., 1978); principal itemstobacco, cotton, fruits, textiles

Imports: $7,647 million (c.i.f., 1978); principal items— machinery and automotive equipment, petroleum and petroleum products, manufactured consumer goods, chemicals, meat and live animals

Major trade partners: (1977 est.) imports-15.7% West Germany, 12.7% Japan, 9.8% Italy, 6.2% France, 5.4% Saudi Arabia, 5.0% U.K., 4.1% U.S.; exports-20.8% West Germany, 10.9% Italy, 6.7% France, 6.0% Saudi Arabia, 5.4% Netherlands, 4.4% U.S., 4.3% U.K., 3.4% Libya

Aid: economic (authorized)-U.S., $292 million (FY70-77); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $756 million (1970-77); military-U.S., $862 million (FY70-77) Budget: (1978) expenditures $6.55 billion, revenues $6.77 billion, $22 million surplus

Monetary conversion rate: US$1=36.648 Greek drachmas (1978 average)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 2,476 km total; 1,565 km standard gage (1.435 m) of which 36 km electrified and 100 km double track, 889 km meter gage (1.000 m), 22 km narrow gage (0.750 m); all government-owned

Highways: 38,938 km total; 16,090 km paved, 13,676 km crushed stone and gravel, 5,632 km improved earth, 3,540 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways: system consists of 3 coastal canals and 3 unconnected rivers which provide navigable length of just less than 80 km

Pipelines: crude oil, 26 km, refined products, 547 km. Ports: 17 major, 37 minor

Airfields: 70 total, 69 usable; 49 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway over 3,660 m, 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 22 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air: 36 major transport aircraft (including 2 leased in)

Telecommunications: adequate modern networks reach all areas on mainland and islands; 2.32 million telephones (24.7 per 100 popl.); 31 AM, 30 FM, and 34 TV stations; 3 coaxial submarine cables; 1 satellite station with 1 Atlantic Ocean antenna and 1 Indian Ocean antenna

DEFENSE FORCES

Military manpower: males 15-49, 2,172,000; 1,664,000 fit for military service; about 72,000 reach military age (21) annually

Military budget: proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1979, $2.0 billion; about 18% of central government budget