Civil air: 14 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 229 total, 224 usable; 4 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American microwave net; 20,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 104 AM, 12 FM, and 5 TV stations

DEFENSE FORCES

Literacy: 75%

Labor force (1976 Census): 1.87 million; 45.3% manufacturing, 18.6% services, 6.0% construction, mining, quarrying and utilities, 19.4% commerce, 2.6% agriculture, forestry, fisheries, and hunting, 7.3% communications, 0.8% other; underemployment is a serious problem

Organized labor: 21% of 1976 labor force
GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Hong Kong
Type: U.K. crown colony
Capital: None

Political subdivisions: Hong Kong, Kowloon, and New Territories

Legal system: English common law

Branches: Governor assisted by advisory Executive Council; he legislates with advice and consent of Legislative Council; Urban Council which alone includes elected representatives, responsible for health, recreation, and resettlement; independent judiciary

Government leader: Sir C. M. MacLehose, Governor and Commander in Chief

Suffrage: limited to 200,000 to 300,000 professional or skilled persons

Elections: every 2 years to select one-half of elected membership of Urban Council; other Urban Council members appointed by the Governor

Political parties: Civic Association; Reform Club; Socialist Democratic Party; Hong Kong Labour Party

Voting strength: (elected Urban Council members) Civic Association 4, Reform Club 3, and 1 independent

Communists: an estimated 2,000 cadres affiliated with Communist Party of China

Other political or pressure groups: Federation of Trade Unions (Communist controlled), Hong Kong and Kowloon Trade Union Council (Nationalist Chinese dominated), Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce, Chinese General Chamber of Commerce (Communist controlled), Federation of Hong Kong Industries, Chinese Manufacturers) Association of Hong Kong

Member of: ADB

ECONOMY

GDP: $13.2 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $2,880 per capita (est.); average real growth 4.8% (1970-75)

Agriculture: agriculture occupies a minor position in the economy; main products-rice, vegetables, dairy products; less than 20% self-sufficient; food shortages-rice, wheat Major industries: textiles and clothing, tourism, plastics, electronics, light metal products, food processing Shortages: industrial raw materials, water, food Electric power: 3,330,000 kW capacity (1978); 9,000 million kWh produced (1978), 1,960 kWh per capita

Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978), including $2.7 billion reexports; principal products clothing, plastic articles, textiles, electrical goods, wigs, footwear, light metal manufactures

Imports: $13.1 billion (c.i.f., 1978)

Major trade partners: (1978) exports-37.2% U.S., 10.9% West Germany, 9.5% U.K.; imports-22.8% Japan, 16.7% China, 11.9% U.S.

Budget: (78/79) $2.13 billion

Monetary conversion rate: HK$4.81=US$1 (December

1978)

Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 35 km standard gage (1.435 m); government owned

Highways: 966 km total; 660 km paved, 306 km gravel and crushed stone, or earth

Ports: 1 major

Civil air: 16 major transport aircraft

Airfields: 1 total, with 2 permanent-surface runways; 1 runway is 3,329 m, and 1 rnuway is 2,890 m

Telecommunications: modern facilities provide excellent domestic and international services; 62 telephone exchanges, 1.3 million telephones; 3 AM and 2 FM radiobroadcast stations with 11 transmitters; 4 TV channels; 2.5 million radio and 8.6 million TV receivers; 9,019 Telex subscriber lines with direct connections to 47 countries; 2 INTELSAT ground stations; coaxial cable to Guangzhou (Canton), China; 5 international submarine cables

Labor force: 5,230,000 (1977); 20% agriculture, 34% industry and building, 46% other non-agriculture GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Hungarian People's Republic
Type: Communist state
Capital: Budapest

Political subdivisions: 19 megyes (counties), 5 autonomous cities in county status, 97 jaras (districts)

Legal system: based on Communist legal theory, with both civil law system (civil code of 1960) and common law elements; constitution adopted 1949 amended 1972; Supreme Court renders decisions of principle that sometimes have the effect of declaring legislative acts unconstitutional; legal education at Lorand Eotvos Tudomanyegyetem School of Law in Budapest and 2 other schools of law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Anniversary of the Liberation, 4 April Branches: executive-Presidential Council (elected by Parliament); legislative-Parliament (elected by direct suffrage); judicial-Supreme Court (elected by Parliament)

Government leaders: Pál Losonczi, President, Presidential Council; György Lázár, Chairman, Council of Ministers Suffrage: universal over age 18

Elections: every 5 years; national and local elections are held separately

Political parties and leaders: Hungarian Socialist (Communist) Workers Party (sole party); Janos Kadar is First Secretary of Central Committee

Voting strength (1975 election): 7,497,061 (99.6 %) for Communist-approved candidates; 30,108 (0.4%) invalid and negative votes; total eligible electorate about 7.76 million; next elections will be held in 1980

Communists: about 754,000 party members (March 1975) Member of: CEMA, Danube Commission, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WHO, WIPO, WMO

ECONOMY

GNP: $32.0 billion in 1978 (at 1978 prices), $2,990 per capita; 1977 growth rate, 2.6%

Agriculture: normally self-sufficient; main crops-corn, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, wine grapes; caloric intake 3,185 calories per day per capita (1977)

Major industries: mining, metallurgy, engineering industries, processed foods, textiles, chemicals (especially pharmaceuticals)

Shortages: metallic ores (except bauxite), copper, high grade coal, forest products, crude oil

Crude steel: 3.9 million metric tons produced (1978), 360 kg per capita

Electric power: 5,900,000 kW capacity (1978); 25.5 billion kWh produced (1978), 2,380 kWh per capita

Exports: $8,814 million (f.o.b., 1978); 27% machinery, 18% industrial consumer goods, 30% raw materials and semimanufactures, 22% food and raw materials for the food industry, energy sources 3% (distribution for 1978)

Imports: $10,584 million (c.i.f., 1978); 22% machinery, 8% industrial consumer goods, 48% raw materials and semimanufactures; 9% food and raw materials for the food industry, energy sources 13% (distribution for 1978)

Major trade partners: $19,398 million (1978); 67% with Communist countries, 33% with non-Communist countries Monetary conversion rate: 35.54 forints=US$1 (commercial); 20.33 forints=US$1, noncommercial (January 1979) Fiscal year: same as calendar year; economic data reported for calendar years

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 8,523 km total; 8,007 km standard gage (1.435 m), 374 km narrow gage (mostly 0.760 m), 142 km broad gage (1.524 m), 1,167 km double track, 1,307 km electrified; government owned (1978)

Highways: 97,304 km total; 24,312 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 10,408 km asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone; 62,584 km earth (1978)

Inland waterways: 1,688 km (1977)

Pipelines: crude oil, 1,500 km; refined products, 500 km; natural gas, 2,896 km

Freight carried: rail-135.2 million metric tons, 24.5 billion metric ton/km (1978); highway-591.3 million metric tons, 11.5 billion metric ton/km (1978); waterway— est. 14.2 million metric tons, 8.3 billion metric ton/km (incl. int'l. transit traffic) in approximately 545 waterway craft with 310,000 metric ton capacity (1977)

River ports: 2 principal (Budapest, Dunaujvaros); no maritime ports; outlets are Rostock, GDR; and Gdansk, Gdynia, and Szczecin in Poland; and Galati and Braila in Romania (1978)

Political subdivisions: 23 rural districts, 215 parishes, 14 incorporated towns

Legal system: civil law system based on Danish law; constitution adopted 1944; legal education at University of Iceland; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: Anniversary of the Establishment of the Republic, 17 June

Branches: legislative authority rests jointly with President and parliament (Althing); executive power vested in President but exercised by cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court and 29 lower courts

Government leaders: President Kristján Eldjárn; Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Benedikt Gröndal heads caretaker government

Suffrage: universal, over age 20; not compulsory Elections: parliamentary, last 2-3 December 1979, every 4 years; presidential, every 4 years

Political parties and leaders: Independence (conservative), Geir Hallgrimsson; Progressive, Steingrimur Hermannsson; Social Democratic, Benedikt Grondal; People's Alliance (Communist front), Luduik Josefsson

Voting strength (1979 election): 35.4% Independence, 24.9% Progressive, 19.7% People's Alliance, 17.4% Social Democratic, 1.2% other

Communists: est. 2,200; a number of sympathizers, as indicated by 20,922 votes cast for People's Alliance in 1974 election

Member of: Council of Europe, EC (free trade agreement pending resolution of fishing limits issue), EFTA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, IWC-International Whaling Commission, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG

ECONOMY

GNP: $1,991 million (1978), $8,930 per capita; 62.1% consumption, 25.9% investment, 10.3% government, 1.9% change in stocks; -0.2% net foreign balance (1978); 1977 growth rate 4.8%, constant prices

Agriculture: cattle, sheep, dairying, hay, potatoes, turnips; food shortages-grains, sugar, vegetable and other fibers; caloric intake, 2,900 calories per day per capita (1964-66)

Fishing: landed 1,549,900 metric tons; exports $245.4 million (1978)

Major industries: fish processing, aluminum smelting, diatomite production, hydro-electricity

Shortages: grain, fuel, wood, minerals, vegetable fibers Electric power: 653,000 kW capacity (1977); 2.5 billion kWh produced (1977), 10,730 kWh per capita

Exports: $649.4 million (f.o.b., 1978); fish and fish products, animal products, aluminum, diatomite

Imports: $679.9 million (c.i.f., 1978); machinery and transportation equipment, petroleum, foodstuffs, textiles

Major trade partners: (1978) exports-EC 32%, U.S. 29%, U.S.S.R. 4%; imports-EC 47%, U.S.S.R. 8%, U.S. 7%

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing 200 nm; additional 100 nm is fisheries conservation zone, December 1968; archipelago concept baselines); 200 nm exclusive economic zone

Coastline: 7,000 km (includes offshore islands)

PEOPLE

Population: 673,659,000, including Sikkim and the Indian-held part of disputed Jammu-Kashmir (January 1980), average annual growth rate 1.9% (current) Nationality: noun-Indian(s); adjective-Indian Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other

Religion: 83.5% Hindu, 10.7% Muslim, 1.8% Sikh, 2.6% Christian, 0.7% Buddhist, 0.7% other

Language: 24 languages spoken by a million or more persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people; English enjoys "associate” status but is the most important language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India

Literacy: males 39%; females 18%; both sexes 29% (1971 census)

Labor force: about 197 million; 70% agriculture, more than 10% unemployed and underemployed; shortage of skilled labor is significant and unemployment is rising Organized labor: about 2.5% of total labor force GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic

Capital: New Delhi

Political subdivisions: 22 states, 9 union territories Legal system: based on English common law; constitution adopted 1950; limited judicial review of legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January

Branches: parliamentary government, national and state; relatively independent judiciary

Government leader: Prime Minister Indira Gandhi Suffrage: universal over age 21

Elections: national and state elections ordinarily held every 5 years; may be postponed in emergency and may be held more frequently if government loses confidence vote; general election held January 1980; some state elections expected in 1980

Political parties and leaders: Indian National Congress, controlled national government from independence to March 1977, and split in January 1978; larger Congress group is headed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi; the

smaller Congress Party is headed by Devraj Urs; Janata Party led by Jagjivan Ram and Lok Dal Party by Charan Singh; Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad, general secretary; Communist Party of India/Marxist Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh, general secretary; All-India-Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (ADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu led by M. G. Ramachandran; Akali Dal representing Sikh religious community in the Punjab

Communists: 150,000 active members of CPI (est.), 100,000 active, members of CPI/M (est.); Communist extremist groups 5,000 or less members

Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking reorganization of states; numerous "senas" or militant/chauvinistic organizations, including Shiv Sena in Bombay, the Anand Marg, and the Rashtriya Swayamserak Sangh

Member of: Adb, Aioec, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77 GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $96 billion (FY79 at current prices), $140 per capita; real growth 3.5% in FY79

Agriculture: main crops-rice, other cereals, pulses, oilseeds, cotton, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, tea, and coffee Fishing: catch 2.5 million metric tons (FY78); exports $151 million (FY77), imports, none in 1976 and 1977 Major industries: textiles, food processing, steel, machinery, transportation equipment, cement, jute manufactures Crude steel: 7.74 million metric tons of ingots (FY78) Electric power: 29,018,000 kW capacity (1978); 108.2 billion kWh produced (1978), 160 kWh per capita

Exports: $6.8 billion (f.o.b., FY79 est.); engineering goods, textiles and clothing, tea

Imports: $8.4 billion (c.i.f., FY79 est.); machinery and transport equipment, petroleum, edible oils, fertilizers Major trade partners: U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R., Japan Budget: (FY79) central government receipts, $21.4 billion; expenditures, $24.0 billion

Monetary conversion rate: 8.02 rupees=US$1 (August 1979)

Fiscal year: fiscal year ends 31 March of stated year COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 62,181 km total (1978); 30,931 km broad gage (1.676 m), 25,528 km meter gage (1.00 m), 4,476 km narrow gage (0.762 m and 0.610 m), government owned; 46 km meter gage (1.00 m), 855 km broad gage (1.676 m), 345 km narrow gage (0.762 m and 0.610 m), privately owned; 12,617 km double track; 4,720 km electrified