INDIA/INDONESIA Highways: 1,330,200 km total; 415,250 km paved, 190,600 km gravel or crushed stone, 304,900 km improved earth, 416,700 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 16,000 km; 2,575 km navigable by river steamers Pipelines: crude oil, 1,767 km; refined products, 2,020 km; natural gas, 574 km Ports: 9 major, 79 minor Civil air: 93 major transport aircraft Airfields: 356 total, 334 usable; 187 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 55 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 116 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: fair domestic telephone service where available, good internal microwave links; telegraph facilities widespread; AM broadcast adequate; international radio communications adequate; 2.2 million telephones (0.4 per 100 popl.); about 174 AM stations at 80 locations, 17 TV stations, 6 earth satellite stations; submarine cables extend to Sri Lanka; 7 satellite stations under construction PEOPLE Population: 149,626,000, including East Timor and Irian Jaya (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.1% (current) Nationality: noun-Indonesian(s); adjective-Indonesian Ethnic divisions: majority of Malay stock comprising 45% Javanese, 14% Sundanese, 7.5% Madurese, 7.5% coastal Malays, 26% other Religion: 90% Muslim, 5% Christian, 3% Hindu, 2% other Language: Indonesian (modified form of Malay) official; English, and Dutch leading foreign languages Literacy: 60% (est.); 72% in 6-16 age group Labor force: 55 million; 64% agriculture, 12% trade, 7% industry, 17% other Organized labor: 10% of labor force GOVERNMENT Legal name: Republic of Indonesia Type: republic Capital: Jakarta Political subdivisions: 27 first-level administrative subdivisions or provinces which are further subdivided into 282 second-level areas Legal system: based on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; constitution of 1945 is legal basis of government; legal education at University of Indonesia, Jakarta; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Independence Day, 17 August Branches: executive headed by President who is chief of state and head of cabinet; cabinet selected by President; unicameral legislature (DPR, or parliament), of 460 members (100 appointed, 360 elected); second and larger body (MPR, or congress) of 920 members includes the legislature and 460 other members (chosen by several processes, but not directly elected) elects President and Vice President, and theoretically determines national policy; judicial, Supreme Court is highest court Government leader: President, Gen. Suharto (reelected by Congress, March 1978) Suffrage: universal over age 17 and married persons regardless of age Political parties and leaders: Golkar (quasi-official "party" based on functional groups), Amir Moertono; Indonesia Democracy Party (federation of former Nationalist and Christian parties), Sanusi Hardjadinata; Unity Development Party (federation of former Islamic parties), Idham Chalid Voting strength (1977 election): Golkar 232 seats, Indonesia Democracy 29, Unity Development 99 Communists: Communist Party (PKI) was officially banned in March 1966; current strength est. at 1,000, with less than 10% engaged in organized activity; pre-October 1965 hard-core membership has been estimated at 1.5 million INDONESIA/IRAN Member of: ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, CIPEC, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, NAM, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $34 billion (1978), about $240 per capita; real average annual growth (1973-78), 6.9% Agriculture: subsistence food production, and smallholder and plantation production for export; main crops-rice, rubber, copra, other tropical products; food shortage-rice, wheat Fishing: catch 1.6 million tons (1978); exports $191 million (1978), imports $8 million (1977) Major industries: petroleum, agricultural processing, textiles, mining Electric power: 4,423,000 kW capacity (1978); 11.9 billion kWh produced (1978), 80 kWh per capita Exports: $11.6 billion (f.o.b., 1978); petroleum ($6.9 billion; 508 million bbls), timber, rubber, coffee, tin, palm oil, tea, copper Imports: $6.7 billion (c.i.f., 1978); rice, wheat, textiles, chemicals, iron and steel products, machinery, transport equipment, consumer durables Major trade partners: exports (1978) -39% Japan, 26% U.S., 10% Singapore; imports-30% Japan, 13% U.S., 9% West Germany Budget: (1979-80) expenditures, $11.1 billion; receipts, $8.7 billion domestic, $2.4 billion foreign Monetary conversion rate: 625 rupiah US$1 COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 7,843 km total (1977); 7,246 km 1.067-meter gage, 505 km 0.750-meter gage, 92 km 0.600-meter gage; 211 km double track; 101 km electrified; government owned Highways: 93,063 km total; 26,583 km paved, 41,521 km gravel or crushed stone, 24,959 km improved or unimproved earth Inland waterways: 21,579 km; Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820 km, Borneo 10,460 km, Celebes 241 km, and Irian Jaya 4,587 km Ports: 10 major, 70 minor Civil air: approximately 130 major transport aircraft Airfields: 390 total, 380 usable; 79 with permanentsurface runways; 11 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 67 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: interisland microwave system and HF police net; domestic service poor, international service good; radiobroadcast coverage good; 314,000 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 251 AM, 1 FM, and 14 TV stations; 1 international ground satellite station (1 Indian Ocean antenna and 1 Pacific Ocean antenna), and 50 domestic ground satellite stations Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm (fishing, 50 nm) Coastline: 3,180 km, including islands, 676 km PEOPLE Population: 38,146,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 3.0% (current) Nationality: noun-Iranian(s); adjective-Iranian Ethnic divisions: 63% ethnic Persians, 3% Kurds, 13% other Iranian, 18% Turkic, 3% Arab and other Semitic, 1% other Religion: 93% Shia Muslim; 5% Sunni Muslim; 2% Zoroastrians, Jews, Christians and Baha'is Language: Persian (Farsi), Turkish dialects, Kurdish, Arabic Literacy: about 37% of those 7 years of age and older (1976 est.) Labor force: 10.1 million est. 1976; 36% agriculture, 21% manufacturing; shortage of skilled labor substantial GOVERNMENT Legal name: Islamic Republic of Iran Type: republic Capital: Tehran IRAN/IRAQ Political subdivisions: 23 provinces, subdivided into districts, sub-districts, counties, and villages Legal system: a new constitution is being prepared which will codify Islamic principles of government National holiday: not yet announced; Shia Islam religious holidays observed nationwide Branches: Ayatollah Khomeini, the leader of the revolution, provides general guidance for the provisional government; some courts from the old "regime" remain in operation; legislature not yet constituted Government leaders: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Suffrage: undetermined Elections: elections to endorse new constitution were held in late 1979; those to select president and new parliament are set for early 1980 Political parties and leaders: Islamic Republican Party, Mohammad Beheshti; National Front, Karim Sanjabi; National Democratic Front, Hedayatollah Matin-Daftari; Tudeh Party, Nur-ed-Din Kianuri Voting strength: not yet tested Communists: 1,000 to 2,000 est. hard-core, est.; 15,000 to 20,000 est. sympathizers Other political or pressure groups: People's Strugglers, People's Fedayeen, and Kurdish Democratic Party are armed political groups; other ethnic minorities, local leaders and Islamic Committees enforce their political views through armed militia Member of: Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, NAM, OPEC, RCD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO; continued participation in some of these organizations under the new Islamic constitution may be doubtful ECONOMY GNP: $76.1 billion (1978), $2,160 per capita; 1978 real GNP growth, 1.1% Agriculture: wheat, barley, rice, sugar beets, cotton, dates, raisins, tea, tobacco, sheep, and goats Major industries: crude oil production (1,898 million bbls in 1978) and refining, textiles, cement and other building materials, food processing (particularly sugar refining and vegetable oil production), metal fabricating (steel and copper) Electric power: 7,000,000 kW capacity (1978); 20 billion kWh produced (1978), 570 kWh per capita Exports: $21.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); 97% petroleum; also carpets, raw cotton, fruits, and nuts, hide and leather items, ores Imports: $17.7 billion (f.o.b., 1978); machinery, iron and steel products, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, electrical equipment, agricultural products Major trade partners: exports-Japan, U.S., West Germany, Netherlands, Italy, U.K., Spain, France; importsU.S., West Germany, Japan, U.K., Italy PEOPLE IRAQ/IRELAND Population: 13,134,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 3.4% (current) Nationality: noun-Iraqi(s); adjective-Iraqi Ethnic divisions: 70.9% Arabs, 18.3% Kurds, 0.7% Assyrians, 2.4% Turkomans, 7.7% other Religion: 90% Muslim (50% Shia Muslim, 40% Sunni Muslim), 8% Christian, 2% other Language: Arabic, Kurdish minority speaks Kurdish Literacy: 20% to 40% Labor force: 2.4 million; 70% agriculture, 6.5% industry, 6.7% government, 16.8% other; rural underemployment high, but not serious because low subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage of technically trained personnel Organized labor: 11% of labor force GOVERNMENT Legal name: Republic of Iraq Type: republic; National Front Government consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI), Iraq Communist Party (CPI), and proadministration Kurds formed in July 1973; Communists play nominal role in government Capital: Baghdad Political subdivisions: 18 provinces under centrally appointed officials Legal system: based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted in 1968; judicial review was suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: 14 July Branches: Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup Government leaders: President Saddam Husayn 'Abd-alMajid al-Tikriti; Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council 'Izzat Ibrahim al-Duri Suffrage: no elective bodies exist Elections: no national elections since overthrow of monarchy in 1958 Communists: est. 2,000 hard-core members Political or pressure groups: political parties banned, possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime and army officers Member of: Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OPEC, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO ECONOMY GNP: $21.4 billion (1978 est.), $1,720 per capita Agriculture: dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock Major industry: crude petroleum (third largest producer in Middle East); 2.4 million b/d (1977); petroleum revenues for 1978, $10.8 billion Electric power: 2,600,000 kW capacity (1978); 7.1 billion kWh produced (1978), 570 kWh per capita Exports: $11.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); net receipts from oil, $10.8 billion; non-oil, $300 million est. Imports: $5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); 26% from Communist countries (1973) Major trade partners: exports-France, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, U.K., U.S.S.R., other Communist countries; imports-West Germany, Japan, France, U.S., U.K., U.S.S.R. and other Communist countries (1977) Budget: public revenue $9.6 billion, current expenditures $4.3 billion, development expenditures $4.0 billion Monetary conversion rate: 1 Iraqi dinar=US$3.39 (1978) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 1,700 km total; 1,123 km standard gage (1.435 m), 577 km meter gage (1.00 m); 16 km meter gage double track Highways: 20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,645 km improved earth, 9,656 km unimproved earth Inland waterways: 1,015 km; Shatt al Arab navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km; Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers Ports: 3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al Faw) Pipelines: crude oil, 3,821 km; 585 km refined products; 1,360 km natural gas Civil air: 26 major transport aircraft Airfields: 79 total, 69 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 36 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: network consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; 320,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM and 10 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean antennas; system expansion in process IRELAND Population: 3,277,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 1.1% (current) Nationality: noun-Irishman(men), Irish (collective pl.); adjective-Irish Ethnic divisions: racially homogeneous Celts Religion: 94% Roman Catholic, 4% Anglican, 2% other Language: English and Gaelic official; English is generally spoken Literacy: 98%-99% Labor force: about 1,133,000 (1978); 26% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 19% manufacturing; 15% commerce; 7% construction; 5% transportation; 4% government; 24% other; 7.8% unemployment (August 1979) Organized labor: 36% of labor force GOVERNMENT Legal name: Ireland, Eire (Gaelic) Type: republic Capital: Dublin Political subdivisions: 26 counties Legal system: based on English common law, substantially modified by indigenous concepts; constitution adopted 1937; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: St. Patrick's Day, 17 March Branches: elected President; bicameral parliament reflecting proportional and vocational representation; judiciary appointed by President on advice of government Government leaders: President Patrick Hillery; Prime Minister (Taoiseach) Charles Haughey; Deputy Prime Minister (Tanaiste) George Colley Suffrage: universal over age 18 Elections: Dail (lower house) elected every 5 years-last election June 1977; President elected for 7-year term-last election November 1976 Political parties and leaders: Fianna Fail, Charles Haughey; Labor Party, Frank Cluskey; Fine Gael, Garret Fitzgerald; Communist Party of Ireland, Michael O'Riordan Voting strength: (1977 election) Fianna Fail (84 seats), Fine Gael (43 seats), Labor Party (17 seats), Independents hold 4 seats Communists: approximately 600 Member of: Council of Europe, EC, EEC, ESRO (observer), EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IBRD, ICAO, ICES, IDA, IEA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC-International Wheat Council, OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG ECONOMY GNP: $12.1 billion (1978 est.), $3,750 per capita; 64.5% consumption, 26.8% investment, 18.2% government, -1.2% inventories and net factor income; -8.3% net foreign demand Agriculture: 70% of agricultural area used for permanent hay and pasture; main products-livestock and dairy products, turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat; 85% self-sufficient; food shortages-grains, fruits, vegetables; caloric intake 3,510 calories per day per capita (1970) Fishing: catch 95,537 metric tons (1977); exports of fish and fish products $57.0 million (1978), imports of fish and fish products $19.8 million (1978) Major industries: food products, brewing, textiles and clothing, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, machinery and transportation equipment Shortages: coal, petroleum, timber and woodpulp, steel and nonferrous metals, fertilizers, cereals and animal feeds, textile fibers and textiles Crude steel: 66,000 metric tons produced in 1978 Electric power: 2,900,000 kW capacity (1978); 9.9 billion kWh produced (1978), 3,060 kWh per capita Exports: $5,678.7 million (f.o.b., 1978); dairy products, live animals, textiles, chemicals, machinery, clothing Imports: $7,112.8 million (c.i.f., 1978); petroleum and petroleum products, machinery, chemicals, manufactured goods, cereals Major trade partners: 77.4% EC (47.2% U.K.); 7.5% U.S. and Canada Budget: (1979 projected) 2,675 million pounds expenditures, 2,467 million pounds revenues, 208 million pounds deficit, public sector borrowing requirement 779 million pounds Monetary conversion rate: 1 Irish pound US$1.9190 (1978 average) Fiscal year: calendar year COMMUNICATIONS Railroads: 2,190 km 1.600-meter gage; 2,075 km government-owned; 115 km privately-owned |