Highways: 92,294 km total; 87,422 km surfaced, 4,872 km gravel or crushed stone

Inland waterways: approximately 1,000 km
Ports: 6 major, 38 minor

Civil air: 38 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 8 out

Airfields: 38 total, 38 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runway 2,440-3,659 m, 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: small, modern system; all cities interconnected for telephone and telegraph service; 519,000 telephones (15.9 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, 7 FM, and 28 TV stations; 4 coaxial submarine cables

NOTE: The Arab territories occupied by Israel since the 1967 war are not included in the data below unless indicated. The occupied Gaza Strip (360 km2), administered from 1948 to June 1967 by Egypt but not claimed as their sovereign territory, is not considered Egyptian land LAND

20,720 km2 (excluding about 26,331 km2 of occupied territory in Jordan, Egypt, Syria, and Gaza as of 25 January 1980); 20% cultivated, 40% pastureland and meadows, 4% forested, 4% desert, waste, or urban, 3% inland water, 29% unsurveyed (mostly desert)

Land boundaries: 1,036 km (prior to 1967 war); including occupied areas, approximately 1,050 km (1977)

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 6 nm Coastline: 273 km (prior to 1967 war); including occupied areas, approximately 848 km (1977)

PEOPLE

Population: 3,717,000, excluding East Jerusalem and the other occupied territories (January 1980), average annual growth rate 2.3% (1-78 to 1-79)

Nationality: noun-Israeli(s); adjective-Israeli Ethnic divisions: 85% Jews, 15% non-Jews (mostly Arabs) Religion: 85% Judaism, 11% Islam, 4% Christian and other

Language: Hebrew official; Arabic used officially for Arab minority; English most commonly used foreign language

Literacy: 88% Jews, 48% Arabs

Labor force: 1,252,000; 6.1% agriculture, forestry and fishing; 23.8% industry, mining, and manufacturing; 1.1% electricity and water; 6.6% construction and public works; 11.9% commerce; 6.9% transport, storage, and communications; 7.3% finance and business; 29.7% public services; 6.6% personal and other services (1978)

Organized labor: 90% of labor force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: State of Israel

Type: republic

Capital: Jerusalem; not recognized by U.S. which maintains Embassy in Tel Aviv

Political subdivisions: 6 administrative districts

Legal system: mixture of English common law and, in personal area, Jewish, Christian and Muslim legal systems; commercial matters regulated substantially by codes adopted since 1948; no formal constitution; some of the functions of a constitution are filled by the Declaration of Establishment (1948), the basic laws of the Knesset (legislature) relating to the Knesset, Israeli lands, the president, the government and the Israel citizenship law; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Hebrew University in Jerusalem; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

National holiday: Independence Day, 11 May Branches: President Yitzhak Navon has largely ceremonial functions; executive power vested in cabinet; unicameral parliament (Knesset) of 120 members elected under a system of proportional representation; legislation provides fundamental laws in absence of a written constitution; 2 distinct court systems (secular and religious)

Government leader: Prime Minister Menachem Begin Suffrage: universal over age 18

Elections: held every 4 years unless required by dissolution of Knesset; last election held in May 1977

Principal political parties and leaders: Herut, Prime Minister Menachem Begin, Defense Minister Ezer Weizman; Liberal Party, Finance Minister Simcha Ehrlich; La'am, Yigael Hurvitz; (Likud is a coalition formed of Herut, Liberals and La'am); National Religious Party, Joseph Burg, Zevulun Hammer; Democratic Movement, Yigal Yadin, Shmuel Tamir; Israel Labor Party, Shimon Peres, Yitzhak Rabin, Yigal Allon; SHELLI, Arieh Eliav

Voting strength: Likud 42 seats; National Religious Party 12 seats; Orthodox Aguda parties 5 seats; Samuel FlattoSharon 1 seat; Moshe Dayan 1 seat; Labor Party-MAPAMArab List Alignment 32 seats; Democratic Movement 7 seats; Shai 7 seats; Ya'ad 1 seat (recently organized by Assaf Yaguri as a one-man Knesset faction); Independent Liberal Party 1 seat; Citizens Rights Movement 1 seat; RAKAH 5 seats; SHELLI 2 seats; Tehiya (Rebirth, recently formed by Likud defectors), 2 seats; Yitzhak Yitzhaki (Herut defector), 1 seat Communists: RAKAH (predominantly Arab but with Jews in its leadership) has some 1,500 members; the Jewish Communist Party, MAKI, is now part of Moked, which is a far-left Zionist party included in SHELLI

Other political or pressure groups: right-wing Jewish Defense League led by Rabbi Meir Kahane; Black Panthers, a loosely organized youth group seeking more benefits for oriental Jews; Gush Emunim, Jewish religious zealots pushing for freedom for Jews to settle anywhere on the West Bank

Member of: FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS (observer), U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ECONOMY

GNP: $12.7 billion (1978, in 1978 prices), $3,480 per capita; 1978 growth of real GNP 5.2%

Agriculture: main products-citrus and other fruits, vegetables, beef and dairy products, poultry products

Major industries: food processing, diamond cutting and polishing, textiles and clothing, chemicals, metal products, transport equipment, electrical equipment, miscellaneous machinery, rubber and plastic products, potash mining

Electric power: 2,800,000 kW capacity (1978); 11.8 billion kWh produced (1978), 3,230 kWh per capita

Budget: public revenue $6.8 billion, current expenditures $9.4 billion, development expenditures $1.0 billion Monetary conversion rate: the Israeli pound was allowed to float on 31 October 1977 and as of mid-April 1979 it was roughly 22.0 Israeli pounds US$1

Exports: $4.2 billion (f.o.b., 1978); major items-polished diamonds, citrus and other fruits, textiles and clothing, processed foods, fertilizer and chemical products; tourism is leading foreign exchange earner

Imports: $7.1 billion (f.o.b., 1978); major items-military equipment, rough diamonds, chemicals, machinery, iron and steel, cereals, textiles, vehicles, ships, and aircraft

Fiscal year: 1 April-31 March

COMMUNICATIONS

Major trade partners: exports-EC, U.S., U.K., Japan, Hong Kong, Switzerland; imports-EC, U.S., U.K., Switzerland, Japan

Railroads: 767 km standard gage (1.435 m)

Highways: 4,459 km paved, 7 km gravel/crushed stone, remainder unknown

Pipelines: crude oil, 708 km; refined products, 290 km; natural gas, 89 km

Ports: 3 major (Haifa, Ashdod, Elat), 5 minor Airfields: 56 total, 45 usable; 21 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air: 27 major transport aircraft, including 2 leased in Telecommunications: most highly developed in the Middle East though not the largest; good system of coaxial cable and radio relay; 930,000 telephones (25.4 per 100 popl.); 14 AM, 10 FM stations, 15 TV stations and 30 repeater stations; 2 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station

WATER

Limits of territorial waters (claimed): 12 nm Coastline: 4,996 km

PEOPLE

Population: 57,056,000 (January 1980), average annual growth rate 0.4% (current)

Nationality: noun-Italian(s); adjective-Italian

Ethnic divisions: primarily Italian but population includes small clusters of German-, French-, and Slovene-Italians in the north and of Albanian-Italians in the south Religion: almost 100% nominally Roman Catholic (de facto state religion)

Language: Italian; parts of Trentino-Alto Adige Region (e.g., Bolzano) are predominantly German speaking; significant French-speaking minority in Valle d'Aosta Region; Slovene-speaking minority in the Trieste-Gorizia area Literacy: 5%-7% of population illiterate (1972); illiteracy varies widely by region

Labor force: 20,278,000 (1979); 15.0% agriculture, 42.9% industry, 39.0% other (1975); 7.7% unemployment (1979); 1.5 million Italians employed in other Western European countries

Organized labor: 50-55% (est.) of labor force.

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Italian Republic

Type: republic

Capital: Rome

Political subdivisions: constitution provides for establishment of 20 regions; 5 (Sicilia, Sardegna, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, and Valle d'Aosta) have been functioning for some time and the remaining 15 regions were instituted on 1 April 1972; 94 provinces

Legal system: based on civil law system, with ecclesiastical law influence; constitution came into effect 1 January 1948; judicial review under certain conditions in Constitutional Court; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction National holiday: Anniversary of the Republic, 2 June Branches: executive-President empowered to dissolve Parliament and call national election; he is also Commander of the Armed Forces and presides over the Supreme Defense Council; otherwise, authority to govern invested in Council of Ministers; legislative power invested in bicameral, popularly elected Parliament; Italy has an independent judicial establishment

Government leaders: President Alessandro Pertini; Premier Francesco Cossiga

Suffrage: universal over age 18 (except in Senatorial elections where minimum age of voter is 25)

Elections: national elections for Parliament held every 5 years (most recent, June 1979); provincial and municipal elections held every 5 years with some out of phase; regional elections every 5 years (held June 1975)

Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (DC), Benigno Zaccagnini (secretary general); Communist Party (PCI), Enrico Berlinguer (secretary general), Luigi Longo (party president); Socialist Party (PSI), Bettino Craxi (secretary general), Pietro Nenni (party president); Social Democratic Party (PSDI), Pietro Longo (secretary general); Liberal Party (PLI), Valerio Zanone (party secretary); Italian Social Movement (MSI), Giorgio Almirante (party secretary); Republican Party (PRI), Giovanni Spadolini (party secretary)

Voting strength (1976 election): 38.7% DC, 34.4% PCI, 9.6% PSI, 6.1% MSI, 3.4% PSDI, 3.1% PRI, 1.3% PLI, 3.4% other

Communists: 1,814,740 members (February 1978)

Other political or pressure groups: the Vatican; three major trade union confederations (CGIL-Communist dominated, CISL-Christian Democratic, and UIL-Social Democratic, Socialist, and Republican); Italian manufacturers association (Confindustria); organized farm groups

Member of: ADB, ASSIMER, Council of Europe, DAC, EC, ECOWAS, ECSC, EEC, EIB, ELDO, ESRO, EURATOM, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFC, IHO, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ITU, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WEU, WHO, WMO, WSG

ECONOMY

GDP: $260 billion (1978), $4,580 per capita; 63.3% private consumption, 18.7% gross fixed investment, 16.5% government, 0.8% inventory change, net foreign balance 0.7%; 1978 growth rate 2.6% (1970 constant prices)

Agriculture: important producer of fruits and vegetables; main crops cereals, potatoes, olives; 95% self-sufficient; food shortages-fats, meat, fish, and eggs; daily caloric intake, 3,172 calories per capita (1977)

Fishing: catch 357,859 metric tons (1978); exports $43 million (1977), imports $263 million (1977)

Major industries: machinery and transportation equipment, iron and steel, chemicals, food processing, textiles Shortages: coal, fuels, minerals

Crude steel: 24.3 million metric tons produced (1978), 430 kg per capita

Electric power: 45,300,000 kW capacity (1978); 175 billion kWh produced (1978), 3,080 kWh per capita Exports: $55.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978); principal itemsmachinery and transport equipment, textiles, foodstuffs, chemicals, footwear

Imports: $56.3 billion (c.i.f., 1978); principal itemsmachinery and transport equipment, foodstuffs, ferrous and nonferrous metals, wool, cotton, petroleum

Major trade partners: (1978) 48% EC-nine (18% West Germany, 14% France, 5% U.K., 4% Netherlands); 7% U.S.; 2% U.S.S.R. and 3% other Communist countries of Eastern Europe

Aid: donor-bilateral economic aid authorized (ODA and OOF), $5,245 million (1970-77)

Monetary conversion rate: Smithsonian rate as of December 1973, 650.4 lire - US$1; average of Friday closing rates in 1978-849 lire-US$1

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 20,690 km total; 15,970 km governmentowned standard gage (1.435 m), 7,850 km electrified; 4,720 km non-government owned, 2,507 km standard gage (1.435 m), 1,270 km electrified; 2,213 km narrow gage (0.950 m), 517 km electrified

Highways: 287,400 km total; autostrade 5,800 km, state highways 41,200 km, provincial highways 91,200 km, communal highways 149,200 km; 254,400 km concrete, bituminous, or stone block, 24,800 km gravel and crushed stone, 7,200 km earth

Inland waterways: 2,500 km navigable routes

Pipelines: crude oil, 1,703 km; refined products, 2,148 km; natural gas, 13,749 km

Ports: 16 major, 22 significant minor

Civil air: 125 major transport aircraft, including 7 leased in and 1 leased out

Airfields: 146 total, 145 usable; 83 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m, 28 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 49 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Telecommunications: well engineered, well constructed, and efficiently operated; 16.1 million telephones (28.3 per 100 popl.); 135 AM, 1,650 FM, and 1,200 TV stations; 15 coaxial submarine cables; 2 communication satellite ground stations with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antennas

(See reference map VI)

Nationality: noun-Ivorian(s); adjective-Ivorian Ethnic divisions: 7 major indigenous ethnic groups; no single tribe more than 20% of population; most important are Agni, Baoule, Krou, Senoufou, Mandingo; approximately 2 million foreign Africans, mostly Upper Voltans; about 75,000 to 90,000 nonon-Africans (50,000 to 60,000 French and 25,000 to 30,000 Lebanese)

Religion: 66% animist, 22% Muslim, 12% Christian Language: French official, over 60 native dialects, Dioula most widely spoken

Literacy: about 65% at primary school level

Labor force: over 85% of population engaged in agriculture, forestry, livestock raising; about 11% of labor force are wage earners, nearly half in agriculture, remainder in government, industry, commerce, and professions Organized labor: 20% of wage labor force

GOVERNMENT

Legal name: Republic of the Ivory Coast

Type: republic, one-party presidential regime established 1960

Capital: Abidjan

Political subdivisions: 24 departments subdivided into 127 subprefectures

Legal system: based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1960; judicial review in the Constitutional Chamber of the Supreme Court; legal education at Abidjan School of Law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

National holiday: 7 December

Branches: President has sweeping powers, unicameral legislature, separate judiciary

Government leader: President Félix Houphouët-Boigny Suffrage: universal over age 21

Elections: uncontested presidential and legislative elections scheduled for November 1980

Political parties and leaders: Parti Democratique de la Cote d'Ivoire (PDCI), (only party); official party leader is Secretary General Philippe Yace, but Houphouet-Boigny is in control

Communists: no Communist party; possibly some sympathizers

Member of: AFDB, CEAO, EAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), Entente, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ITU, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OCAM, U.N., UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ECONOMY

GDP: $7.3 billion (1978 est.), $1,000 capita; average annual growth rate in constant prices, 7.5% (1975-78)

Agriculture: commercial-coffee, cocoa, wood, bananas, pineapples, palm oil; food crops-corn, millet, yams, rice; other commodities-cotton, rubber, tobacco, fish; selfsufficient in most foodstuffs, but rice, sugar, and meat imported

Fishing: catch 83,407 metric tons (1977); exports $12.8 million (1975), imports $33.6 million (1975)

Major industries: food and lumber processing, oil refinery, automobile assembly plant, textiles, soap, flour mill, matches, three small shipyards, fertilizer plant, and battery factory

Electric power: 525,000 kW capacity (1977); 1.2 billion kWh produced (1977), 170 kWh per capita

Exports: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); cocoa (80%), coffee, tropical woods, cotton, bananas, pineapples, palm oil Imports: $1.9 billion (f.o.b., 1978 est.); manufactured goods and semi-finished products (50%), consumer goods (40%), raw materials and fuels (10%)

Major trade partners: France and other EC countries about 65%, U.S. 13%, Communist countries about 1% Budget: 1978, proposed-revenues $1.7 billion, current expenditures $1.1 billion, investment expenditures $931 million

Monetary conversion rate: about 225.64 Communaute Financiere Africaine francs=US$1 (1977)

Fiscal year: calendar year

COMMUNICATIONS

Railroads: 657 km of the 1,173 km Abidjan to Ouagadougou, Upper Volta line, all single track meter gage (1.00 m); only diesel locomotives in use

Highways: 45,600 km total; 2,461 km bituminous and bituminous-surface treatment; 31,939 km gravel, crushed stone, laterite, and improved earth; 11,200 km unimproved Inland waterways: 740 km navigable rivers and numerous coastal lagoons

Ports: 2 major (Abidjan, San Pedro), 3 minor
Civil air: 24 major transport aircraft