Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor NanostructuresThe field of ultrafast spectroscopy of semiconductors and their nanostruc tures continues to be an active field of research. Exciting new developments have taken place since the first edition of this book was completed in 1995. This revised edition includes a discussion of many of these recent develop ments in the field. This is accomplished by adding a chapter on Recent De velopments at the end of the book. This approach was selected to provide a discussion of results while they are still relatively recent. Results published before the end of May 1998 were considered for inclusion in this book. The objective of this revised edition remains the same as before: to provide a co hesive discussion of the many diverse contributions of ultrafast spectrosco py to the field of semiconductors. Extensive cross-references are made to earlier chapters in order to accomplish this goal. The chapter on Recent Developments begins with a brief discussion of new lasers, new techniques of ultrafast spectroscopy and novel nanostruc tures. This is followed by a section on Coherent Spectroscopy where some of the most interesting recent developments have taken place. These include observation of quantum kinetic effects, effects that require going beyond the mean-field approach of the semiconductor Bloch equations, coherent control of populations and current in semiconductors, exciton-continuum interac tions, and many diverse aspects of coherent spectroscopy including studies of microcavities, Bragg structures, quantum dots and quantum wires. |
Contents
1 Introduction | 1 |
Basic Concepts | 2 |
112 Excitons | 5 |
113 Phonons in Semiconductors | 6 |
114 Scattering Processes in Semiconductors | 7 |
Four Regimes | 9 |
116 Carrier Transport | 11 |
12 Ultrafast Lasers | 12 |
524 MonteCarlo Simulation of Phonon Dynamics in GaAs Quantum Wells | 214 |
525 HotPhonon Dynamics in GaAs Quantum Wells | 215 |
526 Determination of Phonon Occupation Number | 218 |
527 Experimental Determination of the HotPhonon Occupation Number and Dynamics | 220 |
53 Conclusions | 224 |
6 Exciton Dynamics | 225 |
611 Exciton States | 226 |
612 ExcitonPolaritons | 227 |
131 PumpProbe Spectroscopy | 13 |
132 FWM Spectroscopy | 16 |
133 Luminescence Spectroscopy | 18 |
134 Interferometric Techniques | 20 |
14 Interpretation of Results | 21 |
143 Raman Spectroscopy | 23 |
145 Calculation of the Dynamics | 24 |
146 Current Trends | 26 |
2 Coherent Spectroscopy of Semiconductors | 27 |
21 Basic Concepts | 28 |
211 An Ensemble of Independent TwoLevel Systems | 29 |
212 Semiconductor Bloch Equations | 41 |
213 Coherence Effects in Other Optical Experiments | 47 |
214 Concluding Remarks | 49 |
222 ExcitonPhonon Interactions | 51 |
223 Localized Excitons | 54 |
23 AC Stark Effect | 57 |
24 Transient Spectral Oscillations | 60 |
25 Exciton Resonance in FWM | 61 |
26 Quantum Beats of Excitons | 63 |
261 Beats from Discrete Excitonic Islands | 64 |
262 HHLH Beats | 66 |
263 Quantum Beats of MagnetoExcitons | 69 |
264 Distinction Between Quantum and Polarization Beats | 70 |
265 Propagation Quantum Beats | 74 |
266 Concluding Remarks | 78 |
271 ExcitonExciton Interaction Effects | 79 |
272 Biexcitonic Effects | 89 |
28 Coherent Oscillations of an Electronic Wavepacket | 96 |
29 Bloch Oscillations in a Semiconductor Superlattice | 103 |
292 TightBinding Picture | 104 |
293 Qualitative QuantumMechanical Picture | 105 |
294 Observation of Bloch Oscillations in Semiconductor Superlattices | 106 |
295 Influence of Excitons | 108 |
296 Concluding Remarks | 111 |
2102 FreeCarrier Dephasing in Bulk GaAs | 112 |
2104 FreeCarrier Dephasing in ModulationDoped Quantum Wells | 113 |
2105 TimeResolved FWM from ModulationDoped Quantum Wells | 116 |
211 Coherent Phonons | 117 |
212 Terahertz Spectroscopy of Semiconductor Nanostructures | 120 |
2122 HHLH Oscillations | 124 |
2123 Bloch Oscillations | 126 |
2124 Coherent Control of Charge Oscillations | 128 |
2125 Summary | 131 |
3 Initial Relaxation of Photoexcited Carriers | 133 |
31 Nonthermal Distributions in GaAs | 135 |
312 Luminescence Spectroscopy | 139 |
32 Intervalley Scattering in GaAs | 144 |
33 Initial Carrier Relaxation in Quantum Wells | 148 |
332 Nonthermal Holes in nModulationDoped Quantum Wells | 153 |
333 Intersubband Scattering in Quantum Wells | 155 |
34 Summary and Conclusions | 160 |
4 Cooling of Hot Carriers | 161 |
41 Simple Model of Carrier EnergyLoss Rates and Cooling Curves | 162 |
Early Measurements and Analysis | 166 |
43 Other Factors Influencing the Cooling Curves | 171 |
432 Hot Phonons | 172 |
433 Screening and ManyBody Aspects | 175 |
44 Further Experimental Investigations of EnergyLoss Rates | 183 |
441 Direct Measurement of the EnergyLoss Rates | 184 |
442 Bulk vs Quasi2D Semiconductors | 190 |
45 Conclusions | 192 |
5 Phonon Dynamics | 193 |
51 Phonon Dynamics in Bulk Semiconductors | 194 |
512 Phonon Detection by Raman Scattering | 196 |
514 Phonon Dynamics in GaAs | 198 |
515 Coherent Generation and Detection of Phonons | 202 |
516 MonteCarlo Simulation of Phonon Dynamics in GaAs | 206 |
52 Phonon Dynamics in Quantum Wells | 208 |
522 Phonon Generation in Quantum Wells | 212 |
523 Phonon Detection by Raman Scattering | 213 |
613 Exciton Fine Structure | 229 |
614 Dynamical Processes of Excitons | 231 |
NonResonant Excitation | 236 |
622 Exciton Relaxation Dynamics in Cu20 | 241 |
623 Spin Relaxation Dynamics in GaAs Quantum Wells | 243 |
624 Recombination Dynamics of Thermalized Excitons in GaAs Quantum Wells | 244 |
Resonant Excitation | 247 |
631 PumpandProbe Studies | 248 |
632 Picosecond Luminescence Studies | 251 |
633 Femtosecond Luminescence Studies | 257 |
64 Conclusions | 261 |
7 Carrier Tunneling in Semiconductor Nanostructures | 263 |
Optical Markers | 264 |
DoubleBarrier Structures | 266 |
Asymmetric DoubleQuantumWell Structures | 269 |
731 Optical Markers in aDQWS | 270 |
732 Nonresonant Tunneling | 271 |
733 Resonant Tunneling | 272 |
74 Tunneling in DoubleBarrier Structures | 278 |
743 Summary | 280 |
in Asymmetric DoubleQuantumWell Structures | 281 |
751 Dependence on Barrier Thickness | 282 |
752 Resonant PhononAssisted Tunneling | 283 |
76 Resonant Tunneling in Asymmetric DoubleQuantumWell Structures | 286 |
Initial Studies | 288 |
Further Studies | 289 |
764 Unified Picture of Tunneling and Relaxation | 291 |
765 Summary | 293 |
8 Carrier Transport in Semiconductor Nanostructures | 295 |
811 Some Examples | 297 |
82 Perpendicular Transport in GradedGap Superlattices | 299 |
83 Carrier SweepOut in Multiple Quantum Wells | 308 |
831 Hybrid Technique | 309 |
832 AllOptical Studies of Carrier SweepOut | 310 |
84 Carrier Capture in Quantum Wells | 314 |
842 Experimental Studies | 316 |
843 Implications for Lasers | 320 |
844 Summary | 322 |
85 Conclusions | 323 |
9 Recent Developments | 325 |
912 Ultrafast Lasers | 331 |
92 Coherent Spectroscopy | 335 |
921 Quantum Kinetics in Semiconductors | 336 |
922 Beyond the Semiconductor Bloch Equations | 345 |
923 Coherent Control in Semiconductors | 351 |
924 Phase Sensitive Measurements | 361 |
925 ExcitonContinuum Interaction | 365 |
926 Bloch Oscillations | 374 |
927 Coherent Phonons | 376 |
928 PlasmonPhonon Oscillations | 377 |
929 HHLH Resonance in the Continuum | 379 |
9210 Biexcitons | 381 |
9211 Coherent and Nonlinear Phenomena in Semiconductor Microcavities | 383 |
9212 Coherence in Multiple QuantumWell Structures and BraggAntiBragg Structures | 390 |
9213 Coherent Properties of Quantum Wires and Dots | 395 |
93 Ultrafast Emission Dynamics | 398 |
Investigation by PhaseLocked Pulses | 401 |
Direct Measurement of Amplitude and Phase | 407 |
934 Microcavities | 410 |
Dynamics and HighIntensity Effects | 418 |
941 Carrier Dynamics | 419 |
942 Exciton Dynamics | 425 |
Capture and Relaxation Dynamics | 427 |
HighDensity Effects | 432 |
Relaxation Dynamics | 435 |
946 CarrierTransport Dynamics | 443 |
95 Epilogue | 446 |
References | 447 |
509 | |
Other editions - View all
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures Jagdeep Shah Limited preview - 2013 |
Ultrafast Spectroscopy of Semiconductors and Semiconductor Nanostructures Jagdeep Shah Limited preview - 2013 |
Common terms and phrases
a-DQWS absorption amplitude anti-Stokes Appl band bandgap beams biexcitons Bloch oscillations broadening bulk GaAs calculated coherent coherent spectroscopy continuum curve Damen delay dephasing detuning differential transmission discussed in Sect distribution function dynamics effects electric field electron-hole electrons and holes emission energy-loss rate excitation density exciton experimental experiments femtosecond frequency fs pulses FWM signal GaAs quantum HH exciton intensity interaction interband investigated kV/cm laser pulse lattice Lett linewidth luminescence measurements microcavity modes non-thermal nonlinear optical observed obtained optical Bloch equations optical phonons peak phase phase-locked pulses photoexcited photon energy Phys picosecond polariton polarization processes pump pump-probe quantum beats quantum dots quantum wires quantum-well radiative Raman scattering Rayleigh scattering recombination relaxation resonance sample Semiconductor Nanostructures semiconductors Shah shows Solid spectral spectroscopy spectrum Springer structure subband superlattice technique temperature thickness TI-FWM signal time-resolved tion transition transport ultrafast valence band wavepacket wavevector width
Popular passages
Page 518 - ... 2nd Edition By T. Chakraborty and P. Pietilainen 86 The Quantum Statistics of Dynamic Processes By E. Fick and G. Sauermann 87 High Magnetic Fields in Semiconductor Physics II Transport and Optics Editor: G. Landwehr 88 Organic Superconductors 2nd Edition By T.