Thermophysical Properties of PolymersAmong various branches of polymer physics an important position is occupied by that vast area, which deals with the thermal behav ior and thermal properties of polymers and which is normally called the thermal physics of polymers. Historically it began when the un usual thermo-mechanical behavior of natural rubber under stretch ing, which had been discovered by Gough at the very beginning of the last century, was studied 50 years later experimentally by Joule and theoretically by Lord Kelvin. This made it possible even at that time to distinguish polymers from other subjects of physical investigations. These investigation laid down the basic principles of solving the key problem of polymer physics - rubberlike elasticity - which was solved in the middle of our century by means of the statistical thermodynamics applied to chain molecules. At approx imately the same time it was demonstrated, by using the methods of solid state physics, that the low temperature dependence of heat capacity and thermal expansivity of linear polymers should fol low dependencies different from that characteristic of nonpolymeric solids. Finally, new ideas about the structure and morphology of polymers arised at the end of the 1950s stimulated the development of new thermal methods (differential scanning calorimetry, defor mation calorimetry), which have become very powerful instruments for studying the nature of various states of polymers and the struc tural heterogeneity. |
Contents
3 | |
1 | 17 |
Thermal Conductivity | 43 |
3 | 56 |
4 | 59 |
6 | 66 |
Thermal Expansion | 75 |
Experimental Methods and Instrumentation | 107 |
3 | 186 |
Appendix Thermomechanics of the New Models | 203 |
Thermodynamic Behavior of Solid Polymers in Plastic | 211 |
3 | 233 |
4 | 244 |
SelfHeating During Cyclic Deformation and Thermal | 268 |
4 | 288 |
295 | |
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Common terms and phrases
accompanied according adiabatic amorphous polymers amorphous regions anisotropy block copolymers calculations calorimeter calorimetry chains Chem cold drawing compression constant corresponding crack crystallization curve decrease degree of crystallinity drawing rate drawn crystalline polymers elastomers elongation energy contribution entropy equation estimate experimental extension filler fracture function glass transition glass transition temperature glassy polymers Godovsky YuK Gruneisen parameter HDPE heat capacity increase interchain internal energy intrachain inversion lattice LDPE low temperature macromolecules measurements mechanical methods modes modulus molecular negative thermal expansion networks obtained oriented phonon plastic deformation PMMA Polym Sci Polym pressure rubber elasticity rupture sample Sci Polym Phys shown in Fig solid polymers stored energy strain stress stretching structure studied temperature changes temperature dependence temperature rise theoretical thermal conductivity thermal diffusivity thermal effects thermal expansion coefficient thermocouple thermodynamic thermoelastic thermomechanical thermomechanical behavior typical undrawn values velocity vibrations Vysokomol Soedin zone