us how to control-accelerate, retard, impair, restore, augment, discipline, or modify at our pleasure-any and all the mental operations, by controlling the physiological conditions. It tells us how we may throw MIND into any given state, namely: by throwing the body into the corresponding state; nor is it possible to affect either in any manner or degree without thereby similarly affecting the other also, any more than to arrest the action of any other law of nature."

The work, with the great law embodied in the above for its basis, proceeds to consider the value of health, costliness and evils of disease, that they are governed by fixed laws, etc., and then takes up the vital functions, the vigorous and normal action of which constitutes health. Of these it discusses food first, because the supply of nutrition, in connection with respiration, comes first in the order of nature; for before we can expend vitality in muscular or mental action, we must first POSSESS it. The work begins with food, and, after discussing its selection-its views in relation to which we will not now review-follows it through its mastication-passages from which have already been quoted into the Journalproceeds with its digestion, follows it through the intestines and mesentery glands, into the blood, and then takes up circulation, then respiration, next the functions of the skin, talking, etc., sleep, the secretions, and after having thus discussed the MANUFACTURE of vitality, proceeds to consider its expenditure, or the muscular and nervous systems, and brain, and closes with the prevention and restoration of disease by means of restoring the normal functions of the disordered organs, instead of by medicines. Its views on these various subjects will be presented hereafter. In this article we have room only for an additional extract on digestion, as a sample of its mode of treating the subjects discussed.

"The digestive process is one of the most remarkable as well as important operations of the human economy. How soon the horse drops dead, when his maw, or second stomach, is eaten through by the bott-worm! How suddenly cold water on an over-heated stomach suspends life by palsying this organ! How sudden and fearful the ravages of the cholera, which consist solely in disordered digestion! How rapidly children, taken down with the bowel complaint, fall away and die! Yet nothing but suspended digestion causes this leanness and death. How effectually impaired digestion, in the form of dyspepsia, frustrates both physical and mental energy! A vigorous stomach is indispensable to energy in any and every other portion of the system. Let us, then, examine this organ.

"It consists of a sack, capable of holding from a quart to several gallons, according as it has been or more or less distended by excess or deficiency of food and drink. Its upper side is much shorter than its under, thus appearing like a bag held horizontally, and ruffled on its upper edge. It has two openings, the one where the food enters, located at its left superior side, and called the cardiac orifice, from its proximity to the heart, and the other situated at the right superior side, named the pyloric orifice, through which the food, after having undergone the chymifying process, makes its egress into the duodenum, or second stomach. The latter opening is constructed with a valve, or door, so arranged as to close upon and send back whatever presents itself for egress not completely dissolved; and it departs from this rule in extreme cases only, and where things cannot be digested without remaining so long in the stomach as seriously to threaten its injury. Hence the ejection of food either way, undi

gested or much as it was eaten, is a sure index of a deranged stomach, because a vigorous one would first dissolve whatever is soluble.

"The stomach is composed of three membranes-the outer, called the peritonæum, or glossy coat, which lines and lubricates all the internal organs, and allows them to slide upon each other without friction; the middle coating composed of muscles laid transversely, and crossing each other in all directions, which contract upon its contents so as to give it the required motion; and the inner, or mucous membrane, which is extremely delicate, and of a pale cream color when healthy. Nerves and blood-vessels also permeate all its parts; the latter imparting vitality, and the former relating it to the whole nervous system, by which means the various states of the stomach control both the nervous system and mind.

"When a healthy stomach receives its food, this mucous membrane, or some glandular structure interwoven with it, empties into it a clear, tasteless liquid, resembling saliva in appearance, called the GASTRIC JUICE, previously secreted so as to be in readiness. This fluid is a most powerful solvent, capable of reducing to a milky, homogeneous mass, called chyme, all those heterogeneous substances taken as food. It sets free, or extracts, as it were, from food the carbon, fibrine, casseine, nitrogen, hydrogen, and other substances-electricity, also, probably included-which enter into the composition of food, and are required to support life. It even dissolves food out of the stomach, but not so. quickly as in. Its solvent power, when the stomach is healthy, is most astonishing. Not to dwell on the wonderful gastric powers of some animals-that East Indian bird which will swallow and digest even wood-man's solvent power is far greater, by nature, than any suppose. Some have swallowed knives, and digested their bone or horn handles. Is it not surprising that the stomach should bear up often a century under such continued abuse as even the most temperate daily heap upon it? Take our own cases. How long, how often, and how outrageously, reader, have you abused your own digestion by eating too fast, and too much, and of unwholesome food; and yet, perhaps, it retains much of its pristine vigor.

"But such abuse ultimately weakens its solvent powers. This allows food to lay so long in the stomach, that its heat induces souring or fermentation, which aid its dissolution, and helps to relieve the stomach of its load. But mark-this fermentation is nothing more nor less than incipient decomposition, or, to call it by its true name, the commencement of the ROTTING process. To ferment is to PUTREFY. Nor is it possible for food to sour in the stomach without engendering corruption. Especially is this true of the fermentation of meat. All know how vast the amount of putrefaction eliminated by its decay out of the stomach. Fermentation engenders the same in it. Is it then any wonder that dyspepsia, which consists simply in the rotting of food, especially meat, in the human stomach, should cause its victims to feel so wretchedly? Is it not here a powerful argument against meat-eating, especially when the stomach is not PERFECTLY good? Think of it: meat actually putrefying in the centre of the system, to be sent all through it-literally frightful to contemplate! And yet this very process is perpetually going on, in a greater or less degree, within the stomachs of all in the least afflicted by dyspepsia, and this class embraces the mass of Americans, as we shall show when we come to treat of this disease. This chymical fact, that the souring process is incipient rotting, together with the fact that the food of the great mass of our nation does thus ferment, develops the prolific cause of most of those chronic, malignant, and all other diseases which bring suffering and premature death on the mass of mankind. Men cannot, therefore, guard too carefully against all injury of this important organ. healthy and vigorous condition it indispensable to life and happiness. Its abuse is suffering and death. As starvation, by withholding nutrition, soon destroys life, so imperfect digestion proportionably impairs it. Dyspepsia is partial starvation on the one hand, by withholding the materials of life, and death on the other, by engendering corruption. Hence, whatever dyspeptics do or leave

Its

undone, they should first restore the flagging energies of their stomachs. The scholar who is impairing digestion by study, instead of disciplining his mind, is undisciplining it in the most effectual manner possible, and by that very study which otherwise would strengthen it, because stomatic diseases effectually prostrate the brain. Such should stop studying till they have effected a cure. And all, whoever they are, whose stomachs are strong, should make it their paramount business to keep them so, and, if weak or disordered, to strengthen and heal them, and should give up or abstain from whatever impairs them.

"The gastric juice acts mainly upon the OUTSIDE of the food eaten, thus evolving nourishment GRADUALLY—a provision of great practical utility. Otherwise we should be obliged to eat perpetually, which would be inconvenient, if not impossible.

"The motion of the stomach greatly facilitates digestion. That muscular coating of the stomach, already described, by contracting from all points upon the food, as it were CHURNS it till it is dissolved. As the muscles of the gizzard of fowls contract upon their feed so powerfully as to grind it by friction against the gravel-stones mixed up with it, so the muscles of the human stomach keep perpetually squeezing and whirling the food over and over, always one way. This motion all must have observed within themselves. In cases of heart-burn, which is caused by the souring process, this rolling of the food is particularly observable in conjunction with the rising and burning caused by the inflammation of the stomach.

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This motion is involuntary, else we should be obliged to WILL it continually, which would be exceedingly inconvenient, as it must be perpetual. Breathing also facilitates it. Every inspiration hauls down the stomach to make room for the ingress of air, and every expiration redoubles this motion by allowing it to return to its place; and as breathing is perpetual, so is this stomatic motion. This physiological principle condemns, in unqualified terms, all lashing down of the stomach, and girting between it and the lungs, which prevents this motion. Unless it had been very important, nature would never have devised so effectual a means of securing it; and those who arrest it by tight lacing, do so at their

PERIL.

"Nature still farther facilitates this motion by those ABDOMINAL MUSCLES which pass up and down across the stomach and bowels, so that we cannot well move the body backwards, forwards, sideways, any way, without using these muscles, and thus as it were kneading the stomach."

SPECIMEN OF THE WAR-SPIRIT.

When the enemy, just before the battle of Barossa, in Spain, appeared in sight, Gen. Graham, riding up in front of his troops, and waving his hat, exclaimed, “Now, my lads, there they are! Spare your powder, but give them steel enough!" To this the soldiers responded in three cheers, and went fiercely to the charge.

This circumstance the biographer of Wellington recounts with great zest, as a brilliant affair. The spirit of that address is the very best spirit of war-a spirit which pants to give our enemies enough of steel or lead—a spirit which breathes vengeance, and exults in the successful butchery of our brethren. Such a spirit is in fact inseparable from war; but I need not ask if such is the spirit of the gospel.

"I know too well, and I feel as much as any man, how difficult it is to accommodate a standing army to a free constitution, or to any constitution. An armed, disciplined body is, in its essence, dangerous to liberty; undisciplined, it is ruinous to society."-BURKE'S Opinion on Standing Armies.

ARTICLE XXIX.

"PHRENOLOGY FOR THE USE OF CHILDREN IN SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES,"

BY MRS. L. N. FOWLER.

WOMAN is the one to teach children, the one to write for the young. The reason of this has already been given in this volume. (See articles on "Woman," and "Philoprogenitiveness.") And she is as much better adapted by nature to write for them as to teach them.

One of the great errors of all authors is that they do not simplify. They pre-suppose that their readers understand more of the various subjects treated of than is actually the case, and hence are not easily followed or understood.

With this defect the work before us is not chargeable. The rare excellencies of plainness and simplicity characterise it. Its copious illustration of its subjects by familiar anecdotes, is one of its great recommendations; and though adapted to children, yet all beginners will find it just what they require.

It has another most excellent method of imparting instruction to the uninitiated that of speaking to the EYE by symbolical engravings. Taking the general idea of representing the faculties, it appropriates a separate picture to every one, into which a group of several figures are often introduced, of which the accompanying engraving is an example. The utility of this is too apparent to require comment.

At the bottom of each page will be found questions to aid both teacher and pupil in acquiring and retaining a knowledge of the various subjects treated.

Another original idea in the work is that every organ is bounded geographically; for instance

"ADHESIVENESS is bounded north by Concentrativeness, south by Union for Life, east by Inhabitiveness and Philoprogenitiveness, and west by Combativeness.

"ACQUISITIVENESS is bounded north by Sublimity, south by Alimentiveness, east by Secretiveness, and west by Constructiveness.”

And so on with all the others.

By this means children and all others can easily learn the location of the faculties.

One of its great PRACTICAL recommendations, however, is, that children love exceedingly to hear it read, or to read it. All youth should be taught Phrenology, and this book is eminently adapted to facilitate this object.

The following quotation may be considered a fair sample of its style and manner of treating its subject.

"DEFINITION-Executiveness; energy; cruelty; desire to kill.

"LOCATION-Destructiveness is situated on each side of the head, over the ears.

"What is it that induces little children to tear their playthings in pieces? It is not because they do not desire these things, but to destroy seems to be a strong principle of their natures. How soon most children take delight in killing flies, sticking pins into them, etc., teasing dogs, killing birds, sporting with fish, treading on the cat's tail, throwing stones at the pigs, and hurting every innocent animal on which they can lay their hands. Why is it they do all these naughty things? It is because they have large Destructiveness.

"It is this that makes bull-dogs fight with, and almost tear each other in pieces. You know, especially if you have ever lived in the country, how troublesome the little snappish, barking dogs are, that always run after carriages, and bark and growl as if they had been badly injured. It is Combativeness that causes them to bark, but it is Destructiveness that causes the larger dogs to bite and tear each other.

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These little curs do not know of any better way to vent their angry feelings; but children, even very little ones, should learn to control their tempers. When you feel disposed to speak harshly, or unpleasantly, you must remember that you are only imitating the dogs, who have no minds or reason.

"Two boys going home one day, found a box in the road, and disputed who Iwas the finder. They fought a whole afternoon without coming to any decision. At last they agreed to divide the contents equally; but, on opening the box, lo! and behold! it was empty. These boys had large Destructiveness and Combativeness.

"You have all heard of wars and battles, where thousands of men meet each other in the fields, to wound and kill all they can. A great many of these men do not go there for the sake of their country; but, disregarding the amount of sorrow and grief which they bring to many families, by taking the lives of fathers and brothers, they meet to gratify their desire to kill, to cause destruction. These men have large Destructiveness in their heads.

"So have those persons who like to take the life of, or tease animals and birds, without cause or reason. You may have seen boys throwing stones at frogs in a pond for sport and amusement. They do not consider that "what is sport to them is death to the frogs," or they would choose more innocent pastimes and pleasures. These boys had large Destructiveness.

"So has that little naughty boy in the cut, who has been teasing his sister; he has thrown down all her playthings which she had arranged nicely on the stool, and to complete her sorrow, has even torn off the head of her beautiful doll.