False Orthography.-Our fancys should be governed by reason. Thou wearyest thyself in vain.-He denyed himself all sinful pleasures.

Win straiing souls with modesty and love;

Cast none away.

The truly good man is not dismaied by poverty.

Ere fresh morning streak the east, we must be risen to reform yonder allies green.

RULE IV. When words ending in y, assume an additional syllable beginning with a consonant, the y, if it is preceded by a consonant, is commonly changed to i; as, happy, happily, happiness.

But when y is preceded by a vowel, in such instances, it is very rarely changed to i; as, coy, coyless; boy, boyish; boyhood; joy, joyless, joyful.

False Orthography.-His mind is uninfluenced by fancyful humours.-The vessel was heavyly laden.--When we act against conscience, we become the destroiers of our own peace.

Christiana, mayden of heroick mien !

Star of the north! of northern stars the queen!

RULE V. Monosyllables, and words accented on the last syllable, ending with a single consonant that is preceded by a single vowel, double that consonant when they assume another syllable that begins with a vowel; as, wit, witty ; thin, thinnish; to abet, an abetter.

But if a diphthong precedes, or the accent is not on the last syllable, the consonant remains single; as, to toil, toiling; to offer, an offering; maid, maiden.

False Orthography.--The business of to-day, should not be defered till tomorrow. That law is annuled. When we have outstriped our errours, we have won the race. By defering our repentance, we accumulate our sorrows.--The Christian Lawgiver has prohibitted many things which the heathen philosophers allowed.

At summer eve, when heaven's aerial bow

Spans with bright arch the glitterring hills below.-
Thus mourned the hapless man; a thunderring sound

Rolled round the shudderring walls and shook the ground.

RULE VI. Words ending in double l, in taking ness, less, ly, or ful, after them, generally omit one l; as,fulness, skilless, fully, skilful.

But words ending in any double letter but l, and taking ness, less, ly, or ful, after them, preserve the letter double; as, harmlessness, carelessness, carelessly, stiffly, successful.

False Orthography.-A chillness generally precedes a fever.-He is wed to dullness.

The silent stranger stood amazed to see

Contempt of wealth and willful poverty.

Restlesness of mind impairs our peace.-The road to the blisful regions, is as open to the peasant as to the king.--The arrows of calumny fall harm. lesly at the feet of virtue.

RULE VII. Ness, less, ly, or ful, added to words ending in silent e, does not cut it off; as, paleness, guileless, closely, peace ful: except in a few words; as, duly, truly, awful.

False Orthography.-Sedatness is becoming.

All these with ceasless praise his works behold.
Stars rus: and final ruin fiercly drives
Her ploughshare o'er creation!

-Nature made a pause,

An aweful pause! prophetick of her end!

RULE VIII. When words ending in silent e, assume the termination, ment, the e should not be cut off; as,abatement, chastisement. The words judgment, abridgment, acknowledgment, are exceptions to this rule.

Ment, like other terminations, changes y into i when the y is preceded by a consonant; as,accompany, accompaniment; merry, merriment.

False Orthography.-A judicious arrangment of studies facilitates improvment.-Encouragment is greatest when we least need it.

To shun allurments is not hard,

To minds resolv'd, forwarn'd, and well prepar'd.

RULE IX. When words ending in silent e, assume the termination, able or ible, the e should generally be cut off; as, blame, blamable; cure, curable; sense, sensible. But if c or g soft comes before e in the original word, the e is preserved in words compounded with able; as, peace, peaceable; change, changeable.

False Orthography-Knowledge is desireable.-Misconduct is inexcuseable. Our natural defects are not chargable upon us.—We are made to be servicable to others as well as to ourselves.

RULE X. When ing or ish is added to words ending in silent e, the e is almost always omitted; as, place, placing; lodge, lodging; slave, slavish; prude, prudish.

False Orthography.-Labour and expense are lost upon a droneish spirit. An obligeing and humble disposition, is totally unconnected with a servile and cringeing humour.

Conscience anticipateing time,
Already rues th' unacted crime.

One self-approveing hour, whole years outweighs
Of stupid starers, and of loud huzzas

RULE XI. Compound words are generally spelled in the same manner as the simple words of which they are compounded; as, glasshouse, skylight, thereby, hereafter. Many words ending in double l, are exceptions to this rule; as, already, welfare, wilful, fulfil; and also the words wherever, christmas, lammas, &c.

False Orthography.-The Jew's pasover was instituted in A. M. 2513They salute one another by touching their forheads.-That which is sometimes expedient, is not allways so.

Then, in the scale of reas'ning life tis plain,
There must be, somewhere, such a rank as man.
Till hymen brought his lov-delighted hour,
There dwelt no joy in Eden's rosy bower.
The head reclined, the loosened hair,
The limbs relaxed, the mournful air :—
Sce, he looks up; a wofull smile
Lightens his wo-worn cheek awhile.

You may now answer the following

QUESTIONS.

What is language?-How is language divided What is natural language?-What are the elements of natur language in man?-Wherein consists the language of brutes? What is artificial language?-What is an idea?-What are words?— What is Grammar?-What does Universal grammar exulain?—— Wherein does Particular grammar differ from universal '-What is the standard of grammatical accuracy?-What is Philosophical grammar?-What is Practical grammar?-What is a principle of grammar?-A definition?—A rule?-What is English grammar?-Into how many parts is grammar di vided? What does Orthography teach?

ETYMOLOGY AND SYNTAX.

LECTURE II.

OF NOUNS AND VERBS.

ETYMOLOGY treats of the different sorts of words, their various modifications, and their derivation.

SYNTAX treats of the agreement and government of words, and of their proper arrangement in a sentence.

The word ETYMOLOGY signifies the origin or pedigree of words.

Syn, a prefix from the Greek, signifies together. Syn-tax means placing together; or, as applied in grammar, sentencemaking.

The rules of syntax, which direct to the proper choice of words, and their judicious arrangement in a sentence, and thereby enable us to correct and avoid errours in speech, are

chicfly based on principles unfolded and explained by Etymology. Etymological knowledge, then, is a prerequisite to the study of Syntax; but, in parsing, under the head of Etymology, you are required to apply the rules of Syntax. It becomes necessary, therefore, in a practical work of this sort, to treat these two parts of grammar in connexion.

Conducted on scientifick principles, Etymology would comprehend the exposition of the origin and meaning of words, and, in short, their whole history, including their application to things in accordance with the laws of nature and of thought, and the caprice of those who apply them; but to follow up the current of language to its various sources, and analyze the springs from which it flows, would involve a process altogether too arduous and extensive for an elementary work. It would lead to the study of all those languages from which ours is immediately derived, and even compel us to trace many words through those languages to others more ancient, and so on, until the chain of research would become, if not endless, at least, too extensive to be traced out by one man. I shall, therefore, confine myself to the following, limited views of this part of grammar.

1. Etymology treats of the classification of words.

2. Etymology explains the accidents or properties peculiar to each class or sort of words, and their present modifications. By modifications, I mean the changes produced on their endings, in consequence of their assuming different relations in respect to one another. These changes, such as fruit, fruits, fruit's; he, his, him; write, writest, writeth, writes, wrote, written, writing, writer; a, an; ample, amply, and the like, will be explained in their appropriate places.

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3. Etymology treats of the derivation of words; that is, it teaches yon how one word comes from, or grows out of another. For example from the word speak, come the words speakest, speaketh, speaks, speaking, spoke, spoken, speaker, speaker's, speakers. These, you perceive, are all one and the same word, and all,except the last three, express the same kind of action. They differ from each other only in the termination. These changes in termination are produced on the word in order to make it correspond with the various perscns who speak, the number of persons, or the time of speaking; as, I speak, thou speakest, the man speaketh or speaks, the men speak, 1 spoke; The speaker speaks another speaker's speech.

The third part of Etymology, which is intimately connected with the second, will be more amply expanded in Lecture XIV. and in the Philosophical notes; but I shall not treat largely of that branch of derivation which consists in tracing words to

foreign languages. This is the province of the lexicographer, rather than of the philologist. It is not the business of him who writes a practical, English grammar, to trace words to the Saxon, nor to the Celtick, the Greek, the Dutch, the Mexican, nor the Persian; nor is it his province to explain their meaning in Latin, French, or Hebrew, Italian, Mohegan, or Sanscrit; but it is his duty to explain their properties, their powers, their connexions, relations, dependances, and bearings, not at the period in which the Danes made an irruption into the island of Great Britain, nor in the year in which Lamech paid his addresses to Adah and Zillah, but at the particular period in which he writes. His words are already derived, formed, established, and furnished to his hand, and he is bound to take them and explain them as he finds them in his day, without any regard to their ancient construction and application.

CLASSIFICATION.

In arranging the parts of speech, I conceive it to be the legitimate object of the practical grammarian, to consult practical convenience. The true principle of classification seems to be, not a reference to essential differences in the primitive meaning of words, nor to their original combinations, but to the manner in which they are at present employed. In the early and rude state of society, mankind are quite limited in their knowledge, and having but few ideas to communicate, a small number of words answers their purpose in the transmission of thought. This leads them to express their ideas in short, detached sentences, requiring few or none of those conneclives, or words of transition, which are afterwards introduced into language by refinement, and which contribute so largely to its perspicuity and elegance. The argument appears to be conclusive, then, that every language must necessarily have more parts of speech in its refined, than in its barbarous state.

The part of speech to which any word belongs, is ascertained, not by the original signification of that word, but by its present manner of meaning, or, rather, the office which it performs in a sentence.

The various ways in which a word is applied to the idea which it represents, are called its manner of meaning. Thus, The painter dips his paint brush in paint, to paint the carriage. Here, the word paint, is first employed to describe the brush which the painter uses; in this situation it is, therefore, an adjective; secondly, to name the mixture employed; for which reason it is a noun; and, lastly, to express the action perform.