Photostabilization of Polymers: Priciples and ApplicationDuring the last two decades, the production of polymers and plastics has been increasing rapidly. In spite of developing new polymers and polymeric materials, only 40-60 are used commercially on a large scale. It has been estimated that half of the annual production of polymers is employed outdoors. Increasing the stability of polymers and plastics towards heat, light, atmospheric oxygen and other environmental agents and weathering conditions has always been a very important problem. The photochemical instability of most of polymers limits them to outdoor application, where they are photo degraded fast over periods ranging from months to a few years. To the despair of technologists and consumers alike, photodegrada tion and environmental ageing of polymers occur much faster than can be expected from knowledge collected in laboratories. In many cases, improved methods of preparation and purification of both monomers and polymers yield products of better quality and higher resistance to heat and light. However, without stabilization of polymers by applica tion of antioxidants (to decrease thermal oxidative degradation) and photostabilizers (to decrease photo-oxidative degradation) it would be impossible to employ polymers and plastics in everyday use. |
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Page 48
... grafted into macromolecules , the grafted chains or groups are located mainly in the amorphous phase . The grafting reaction does not disrupt the crystallites , at least for a low graft content ( about 15-30 % grafted monomer ) . 2.4.1 ...
... grafted into macromolecules , the grafted chains or groups are located mainly in the amorphous phase . The grafting reaction does not disrupt the crystallites , at least for a low graft content ( about 15-30 % grafted monomer ) . 2.4.1 ...
Page 368
... grafting frequency , i.e. shorter and more frequent anti- oxidant chains attached to the polyolefin backbone , is more effective than very few but long grafted chains . 382 7.3 POLYMERIC PHOTOSTABILIZERS Most common low - molecular ...
... grafting frequency , i.e. shorter and more frequent anti- oxidant chains attached to the polyolefin backbone , is more effective than very few but long grafted chains . 382 7.3 POLYMERIC PHOTOSTABILIZERS Most common low - molecular ...
Page 374
... grafted , the rest being unreacted and homopolymerized . The grafting efficiency depends on polyolefin type and grafting temperature and it is higher in the case of methacryloxy derivatives . Comparative photodegradation studies of ...
... grafted , the rest being unreacted and homopolymerized . The grafting efficiency depends on polyolefin type and grafting temperature and it is higher in the case of methacryloxy derivatives . Comparative photodegradation studies of ...
Contents
Preface | 1 |
Antioxidants | 19 |
Introduction to the Oxidative and Photo | 42 |
Copyright | |
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Absorbance absorption acetate acid additives Amer anatase antioxidants Appl Applied Science Publishers benzophenone carbon black carbonyl carbonyl groups Carbonyl index CH₂ CH3 CH3 CH3 chain chelates Chem Chemical Chimassorb 944 Ciba-Geigy coatings compounds concentration copolymers crystalline Cyanamid Cyanox Cyasorb UV decrease Degrad Developments in Polymer effect embrittlement EPDM free radicals Goodrite HALS hindered amines hydroperoxide Irganox kinetics LDPE light stabilizers low-density polyethylene LDPE mechanism Melting metal molecules monomers nickel(II nitroxy radicals Nondiscolouring nonstaining O₂ OH OH permission from Ref peroxy radicals phenolic phosphite photo-oxidation Photochem photodegradation photostabilizers pigment piperidine plastics poly(vinyl chloride polyethylene polymer polymer matrix polymeric polyolefins polypropylene polypropylene films polyurethane powder processing R₁ R₂ react reaction Reprinted with permission ROOH rubber rutile salicylate sample Scott singlet oxygen solubility spectra spectroscopy structure surface Symp synergistic Table temperature thermal oxidation Tinuvin 770 TiO2 Topanol UV irradiation он