The Essentials of Material Science and Technology for EngineersFor optimum design of an engineering product, it is important that engineers are quite familiar with material properties besides their knowledge in mechanics of materials. Finally, availability, cost of materials, and environmental regulations all play an important role in selecting the right material for the product. |
Contents
Application Limits of Plain Carbon Steels | |
Some Hints on the Selection of Plain Carbon Steels | |
Most Frequently Used Plain Carbon Steels | |
MillHeatTreated Structural Steels | |
Alloy Steels | |
Influence of Alloying Elements on Steel Properties | |
Identification of Special Groups of Steels | |
VacuumMelted vs AirMelted Alloy Steels | |
Chapter 5 | |
Properties and Testing of Materials | |
Mechanical Properties | |
Concept of Stress | |
Types of Stresses | |
Relationship between Stress and Strain | |
Elastic and Plastic Behavior of Materials | |
Purpose of Mechanical Testing | |
Test Conditions | |
Test Specimens for Tensile Testing | |
Recording Instrument | |
Determination of Yield Strength | |
Proof Strength and Proportional Limit | |
Percent Elongation and Area Reduction Calculation | |
Upper and Lower Yield Points | |
Ultimate Stress Point | |
True StressStrain Diagram | |
Additional Properties from a StressStrain Diagram other than Strength and Modulus of Elasticity | |
Ductile Fractures | |
Correlation of Tensile Properties with a 0505 in Diameter Specimen | |
Compression Test | |
Shear Test | |
Shear Strength | |
Modern Hardness Tests | |
Brinell Hardness Test | |
Limitations of Brinell Test | |
Brinell Hardness and Tensile Strength Relationship | |
Equipment Used | |
Designation of a Rockwell Hardness Number | |
Rockwell Hardness Scales | |
Rockwell Superficial Hardness Test | |
Microhardness Testing | |
Relationship between Brinell and Rockwell Hardnesses | |
Relationship between Various Hardness Scales | |
Impact Test | |
Principle of impact resistance testing | |
Temperature effects of impact test | |
Fracture toughness | |
Creep | |
Stress Rupture | |
Fatigue | |
Fatigue Test | |
Types of Loading in Fatigue Tests | |
Fatigue Characteristics of Ferrous and Nonferrous Materials | |
Influence of Loading Rate and Heat Treatment on Fatigue Life | |
Fatigue Fractures | |
Nondestructive Testing NDT | |
Chapter 6 | |
Alloys and Phase Diagrams | |
Concept of Phase | |
PhaseEquilibrium Diagrams | |
Phase Diagrams of Completely Soluble Alloys | |
Determination of Phase Amounts | |
Alloys Completely Soluble in a Liquid State and Insoluble in a Solid State | |
Alloys Completely Soluble in a Liquid State Partially Soluble in a Solid State | |
Use of Phase Diagram for Material Selection | |
IronCarbon Alloys | |
Morphology of Iron | |
Alloys of Iron | |
IronIron Carbide Phase Diagram | |
Chapter 7 | |
Heat Treatment of Metals | |
Heat Treatment of Iron | |
Transformation Decomposition of Austenite | |
Austenite to Pearlite | |
Effect of Cooling Rates from Austenitizing Temperature to Room Temperature | |
Austenite to Bainite | |
Influence of Alloying Elements on Steel Properties and Microstructure after Heat Treatment | |
Effect of Chromium on Hardening of Steel | |
Effect of Alloy Elements on Transformation Temperature | |
Effect of Alloy Elements on the Critical Cooling Rate | |
Heat Treatment of Steels under Nonequilibrium Conditions | |
Quench Media Quench Rate and Quench Temperature | |
Quenching in Synthetic Fluids | |
Hardening and Tempering of Steel | |
Tempering Temperature and Mechanical Properties of Steels | |
Heat Treatment Cycle for Steel | |
Retained Austenite | |
Residual Stresses and Cracking | |
Age Hardening | |
Tempering Omission of Carburized and Quenched Steel | |
Hardness and Hardenability | |
Jominy Test | |
Influence of Alloying Elements on Hardenability of Steels | |
Grain Size | |
A Case History | |
Heat Treatment under NearEquilibrium Conditions | |
Stress relief anneal | |
Normalizing | |
Normalizing and Tempering | |
Major Heat Treatment Processes | |
Through Hardening Processes | |
Surface Hardening Processes | |
Carburizing | |
Hardening | |
Direct Quenching | |
Tempering of Carburized and Quenched Components | |
Cold Treatment | |
Grain Size and Case Depth | |
Effect of Carburizing Processes on Surface Carbon | |
Steels for Carburizing | |
Nitriding | |
Case depth in nitriding | |
White layer in nitrided gears | |
European Nitriding Steels | |
Modern Nitriding Processes | |
Ion nitriding time and case depth | |
Carbonitriding | |
Induction Hardening | |
Tempering after Induction Hardening | |
Materials for Induction Hardening | |
ElectronBeam Hardening | |
Heat Treatment of Nonferrous Metals | |
Chapter 8 | |
Ferrous Materials | |
Iron | |
Wrought Iron | |
Cast Irons | |
White Cast Iron | |
Malleable Cast Iron | |
Gray Cast Iron | |
Mechanical Properties of Gray Cast Iron | |
Modulus of elasticity | |
Vibrationdamping characteristics of gray cast iron | |
Ductile Iron | |
Heat Treatment of Cast Irons | |
White iron | |
Normalizing | |
Effect of cooling rate on tensile properties of gray cast iron | |
Heat Treatment of Ductile Iron | |
Casting Processes | |
Ingot Grain Structure | |
Directional Solidification and SingleCrystal Technology | |
Major Casting Defects | |
Casting Defect Prevention | |
Dimensional Tolerance Requirement in Castings | |
Economics of Casting Processes | |
Welding of Gray Cast Irons | |
Corrosion Resistance of Cast Iron | |
Steels | |
Steelmaking Processes | |
Processes based on electrical energy | |
Production of Large Ingots | |
Processing of Steel | |
Kinds of Steel | |
HotRolling | |
Effect of hotrolling on nonmetallic inclusions in steel | |
Forging | |
ColdRollingDrawing ColdWorking | |
Frequently used coldworking processes | |
Standard Steel Shapes | |
Identification and Classification of Steels | |
Types of Steels and Their Chemical Compositions | |
Application of Plain Carbon Steels | |
Cleanliness of Steel | |
A Case History | |
Alloy and HSteel Compositions | |
Specialty Steels | |
Nomenclature of Tool Steels | |
Carbon Tool Steel W1 W2 W4 | |
Characteristics of CarbonVanadium Tool Steel Type W2 | |
MediumCarbon LowAlloy Tool Steel Type S | |
Medium Alloy AirHardening Tool Steel Type A | |
HighCarbon HighChromium Tool Steel Type D | |
Mold Steels | |
HeatResistant Superalloy Steels | |
UltrahighStrength Steels | |
Heat Treatment of Maraging Steels by Precipitation Hardening | |
Nitriding | |
Maraging Steels of Other Countries | |
Applications of Maraging Steels | |
Austenitic Stainless Steels | |
New design specification | |
Ferritic Stainless Steels | |
Martensitic Stainless Steels | |
Precipitation Hardening PH Stainless Steels | |
HighTemperature Mechanical Properties of Stainless Steels | |
LowTemperature Application of Stainless Steels and Other Metals | |
Corrosion Resistance | |
Fabrication | |
Hot Forming | |
Available Forms and Uses | |
Welding | |
Austenitic stainless steels | |
Guidelines for Selection of a Proper Stainless Steel | |
Chapter 9 | |
Nonferrous Metals | |
Aluminum Al and Its Alloys | |
General Properties of Aluminum | |
Alloying Elements of Aluminum | |
Aluminum Products | |
Strengthening of Aluminum Alloys | |
Aluminum matrix composites | |
Heat Treatment of Aluminum Alloys | |
Heat Treatment of Wrought Aluminum Alloys | |
Solution heat treatment | |
Heating rate | |
Lag between soaking and quenching | |
Precipitation hardening and aging | |
Temper Designation of Wrought Aluminum Alloys | |
Heat Treatment of Cast Aluminum Products | |
Artificial Aging | |
Strain Hardening by ColdWork | |
Extrusion of Aluminum Alloys | |
Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum Alloys | |
Fatigue Life of Aluminum Alloys | |
Considerations for Aluminum Alloy Selection | |
Advanced Aluminum Alloys | |
Use of Aluminum as Composite Material | |
Extraction of Copper from Ore | |
Alloys of Copper | |
CopperTin Alloys Bronze | |
CopperAluminum Alloys | |
CopperSilicon Alloys | |
CopperNickel Alloys | |
CopperBeryllium Alloys | |
MetaltoMetal Wear Resistance of Copper Alloys | |
Welding of Copper | |
Corrosion Resistance of Copper and Its Alloys | |
Nickel Ni and Its Alloys | |
Some Physical Properties | |
Heat Treatment | |
Super Nickel Alloys | |
Welding of Nickel Alloys | |
Zinc Zn | |
Corrosion Resistance | |
Other Uses of Lead | |
Some Properties of Magnesium | |
Alloying Elements in Mg | |
Classification of Magnesium Alloys | |
Evaluation of Magnesium as a Structural Material | |
Titanium Ti and Its Alloys | |
Important Physical Properties | |
Titanium and Its Alloys | |
Alphabeta αβ titanium alloys | |
Beta β titanium alloys | |
Beta Transus Temperature | |
Engineering Specifications of Titanium and Titanium Alloys | |
Forging of Titanium Alloys | |
Welding of Titanium Alloys | |
Weld Defects of Titanium Alloys | |
Mechanical Forming of Titanium and Its Alloys | |
Superplastic Forming | |
Machining of Titanium | |
Heat Treatment of Titanium and its Alloys | |
Age HardeningPrecipitation Hardening of Titanium Alloys | |
Hardenability of Titanium Alloys | |
Corrosion Resistance of Titanium | |
Chapter 10 | |
Ceramics | |
Processing of Engineering Ceramics | |
Preparation of Powder | |
Manufacturing of Ceramic Parts | |
Isopressing | |
Ceramic Density Computations | |
Properties of Ceramics | |
Imperfections in Ceramic Crystal Structures | |
Impurities in Ceramics | |
Influence of Porosity on Ceramic Properties | |
Hardness and Modulus of Elasticity of Ceramics | |
Fracture Toughness of Ceramics | |
Usage of Ceramics in Engineering Products | |
Ceramics for Structural Applications | |
Advanced Ceramics | |
Corrosion Resistance of Ceramics | |
Powder Metallurgy | |
Heat Treatment of PM Parts | |
Alloy Content and Its Influence | |
Chapter 11 | |
Polymeric Materials | |
Formation of Polymer Structures | |
Molecular Weight of Polymers | |
Degree of Polymerization DP | |
Degree of Polymerization Molecular Weight and Strength of a Polymer | |
Molecular Structure | |
Polymer Crystallinity | |
Additives | |
Thermoplastic Polymers | |
Thermoset Polymers | |
Fabrication Processes for Thermoplastic and Thermoset Polymers | |
Rotational Molding | |
Thermoset Plastics | |
Elastomers | |
Silicones | |
Thermoplastic Elastomers TPE | |
Morphology of TPE | |
Types of TPEs | |
Styrenic block copolymers SBC | |
Joining of Plastic Parts | |
Strength of the Joint | |
Plastics for Bearing Applications | |
Polymeric Seal Materials | |
Mechanical Properties of Plastics | |
Fatigue Strength | |
Glassy Polymers | |
LongTerm Properties of Plastics Creep Stress Relaxation and Service Life | |
Physical Properties | |
Moisture Absorption | |
Deformation and Failure of Plastics | |
Thermosetting Polymers | |
Introduction of oxygen and nitrogen atoms in the main carbon chain | |
Thermosetting Plastics | |
Special Polymeric Materials | |
Trade Names of Polymeric Products | |
Corrosion Resistance of Plastics | |
Chapter 12 | |
Composites | |
Particulate Composites | |
FiberReinforced Composites | |
Fibers | |
Type of Fibers | |
Fiber Strength | |
Assessment of the Strength of Fibers Compared to Metals | |
Laminar Composites | |
Matrix | |
Metal Matrix Composites | |
Strength Stiffness of Composites | |
Transverse Loading | |
Composite Design | |
Hybrid Composites | |
Processing of Composites | |
Chapter 13 | |
Corrosion of Materials | |
Localized Corrosion | |
Galvanic Corrosion | |
Dealloying | |
Stress Corrosion | |
Corrosion Susceptibility of Various Metals and Their Alloys | |
Aluminum Alloys | |
Surface Treatments | |
Copper and Its Alloys | |
Nickel and Its Alloys | |
Titanium and Its Alloys | |
Protection against Corrosion | |
Coatings and Paints | |
Design Considerations for Protection against Corrosion | |
Chapter 14 | |
Selection of Material for an Engineering Application | |
Physical Properties
of Some Selected Metals | |
Glossary | |
Common terms and phrases
AISI alloy steels alloying elements aluminum alloys annealed applications ASTM atoms austenite bonding Brinell brittle bronze carbide carbon content carburizing cast iron ceramics chromium cold-work components copper corrosion resistance cracking creep crystal structure curve deformation density diameter ductile iron elastomers electrons elongation engineering fatigue ferrite fibers Figure forging fracture furnace grades grain boundaries graphite gray cast iron hardening heat treatment heat-treated high temperature high-strength higher increase interstitial liquid load low-carbon machine maraging steels martensite materials matrix mechanical properties metal microstructure modulus of elasticity mold molecular weight nickel nitriding oxide particles pearlite phase diagram plain carbon steels plastic polymer polymerization porosity produce quenching reduce retained austenite room temperature silicon solid solution solidification specimen stainless steels strain stress stress-strain Table temperature range tempering tensile strength thermal thermoplastic thermoset titanium alloys tool steels toughness transformation welding wrought yield strength zinc