ties whether from Lincolnshire or Nottinghamshire is undetermined; the preponderance of evidence is in favour of the former. Joseph Hall, afterwards Bishop of Norwich, who appears to have known him intimately, having been his contemporary at college, and who became the antagonist of Robinson, states that "Lincolnshire was his county." He graduated at Cambridge. Two colleges in the University present nearly equal claims to have been his alma mater.

EMANUEL COLLEGE is generally considered to have been the home of his student life. The following entry occurs

in the register of the college:

"John Robinson, entered as sizar, March 2nd, 1592; took his M.A. 1600, and B.D. 1607."

This latter date renders his connexion with Emanuel College more than doubtful. He had become a Separatist before 1607, and was then the pastor of the mother Church of the Pilgrims in Nottinghamshire. Having renounced the Established Church, he disclaimed her honours as well as her emoluments; and it is not probable that he would seek literary distinction at her hands, even if it were possible to obtain it under such circumstances.

The CORPUS CHRISTI COLLEGE register exhibits a record which appears to identify Mr. Robinson, of Leyden, with her alumni:

“John Robinson, F. Lincsh., admitted 1592. Fell. 1598.” The Rev. Richard Masters published in 1749, a history of this college, and gives a list of all its members from its foundation, in which a similar entry to the above also occurs, and to which he appends a note, intimating his belief that this was the Robinson who had been beneficed near Yarmouth, but on being prosecuted by the Ecclesiastical Courts, had fled to Leyden and set up a congregation upon the model of the Brownists.*

* The Rev. Dr. Lamb, Master of Corpus Christi, in his edition of

Entering the University at the early age of seventeen, his religious opinions could scarcely have been formed, nor could he have had very definite views respecting the work of the ministry. The time he was at Cambridge was one of considerable religious excitement. Several zealous Puritan clergymen preached at St. Mary's and other churches. Their evangelical preaching gave great offence to the authorities of the University. But the most distinguished Puritan there was the Rev. William Perkins, who was public catechist of Corpus Christi, and whose duty it was "to read a lecture every Thursday in the term, on some useful subject of Divinity;" he preached also at St. Andrew's Church, and attracted multitudes of persons from the town, the University, and surrounding neighbourhood, by his faithful, earnest, and spirit-stirring discourses. As Mr. Robinson states that his "personal conversion" was effected in the Church of England, it is no improbable. supposition that the faithful and zealous labours of Mr. Perkins, the catechist of his College, and under whose ministry he sat, were the means of his spiritual illumination and conversion.* His subsequent writings testify that he held Mr. Perkins in the highest esteem; he used

Masters's work, "with additional matter and a continuation to the present time, 1831," gives two entries respecting this John Robinson, which more fully describe his University honours, but substitute "Nottinghamshire" for " Lincolnshire." The reason of such variation from the register and Masters is not given.

Dr. Lamb's reference to Robinson among the fellows of the College, is as follows:

"1598. Robinson, John, M.A., Nottinghamshire, succeeded Mr. Morley. He resigned his fellowship, 1604."

In the General List of Members of the College, according to the order of admission, Dr. Lamb's entry is the following:

"Robinson, John, Notts. Admitted 1592, M.A., 1599.†

+ The asterisk (*) distinguishes the fellows of the College.

* Vide A Manudiction for Mr. Robinson, &c. &c., supposed to be

his tutor's "Catechism on the Foundation of Religion," in the instruction of the youth of his own congregation he moreover published another catechism on Church Principles, as an appendix to that of his venerable friend.*

Having completed his terms at the University, Mr. Robinson proceeded to Norfolk, and in the neighbourhood of Norwich began his ministerial labours. He was at first a Puritan only, and hence officiated awhile in the National Church. His scruples respecting the ceremonies and the vestments were strong and lasting; and, omitting or modifying them in his services, he was subject to annoyances and persecution from the Ecclesiastical authorities, and was temporarily suspended from his clerical functions. The parish in which he laboured has not been ascertained.†

It is doubtful, from Joseph Hall's testimony, in his "Common Apology for the Church of England," whether Mr. Robinson was ever fully inducted into a "living;" his conscientious scruples preventing his submission to the regulations necessary for "full orders." On being suspended by the Bishop, he retired to Norwich, where he collected a written by Rev. William Bradshaw, author of the "Unreasonableness of Separation, &c." 4to. 1614.

* Vide A Catechism, vol. iii. page 421-436.

Joseph Hunter, Esq., F.S.A., having suggested, in his valuable tract entitled "Collections concerning the Early History of the Founders of New Plymouth, the first Colonists of New England," that Mundham, Norfolk, might have been his parochial cure, as Blomfield the historian of Norfolk states that a Mr. Robinson was incumbent there about the time, inquiry has been made at Mundham, and the parochial register examined. Regular entries are made from 1595 to 1612, but, as they are without signatures, they cannot furnish any evidence respecting Mr. Robinson's incumbency. But from the records of the Corporation of Norwich, and from the consignation or visitation book in the Bishop's Register office in that city, it appears the Rev. Robert Robinson, and his son of the same name, were respectively incumbents from 1595 to 1608. The question, therefore, of John Robinson's connexion with Mundham is finally settled in the negative.

congregation of Puritan worshippers in that city and from the surrounding neighbourhood, many of whom were subject to fines and imprisonment for attending his faithful and affectionate instructions.*

His attachment to his Norwich friends remained unabated through life. After the lapse of twenty years, when residing at Leyden, on learning that the Rev. Mr. Yates of that city, a good man, but Puritan Conformist, had circulated a tract, denouncing lay-preaching, he wrote a treatise in refutation, for their special benefit, entitled "The People's Plea for the Exercise of Prophecy," the preface to which evinces his undiminished regard for his former charge, and his deep solicitude for their spiritual benefit.†

During his residence at Norwich, his mind was still agitated and perplexed respecting his duty in relation to the church. A passage in his reply to Mr. Bernard, exhibits the mental struggles through which he passed at this eventful period of his history.

* Mr. Ainsworth in his "Counterpoyson" incidentally alludes to Mr. Robinson's labours in Norwich, and the hazard incurred by the people in attending thereon. Addressing himself to Mr. Crashaw, to whose sermons he was replying, he says "If any among you, not meddling with the public estate of your church, but feeling or fearing his own particular soul-sickness, do resort to a physician, whose receipts are not after the common sort, for advice about his health, or of friendship and acquaintance to see him, he is subject to the censure and thunderbolt of your church. Witness the late practice in Norwich, where certain citizens were excommunicated for resorting unto and praying with Mr. Robinson, a man worthily reverenced of all the city for the grace of God in him, as yourself also, I suppose, will acknowledge, and to whom the cure and charge of their souls was erewhile committed. Would any unmerciful man have dealt so with his bond-slave in a case of bodily sickness? But hereby all may see what small hope there is of curing the canker of your church."Ainsworth's Counterpoyson; or, an Answer to Mr. Crashaw's Four Questions propounded in his sermon preached at the Crosse, Feb. 14, 1607, page 145.

+ Vide vol. iii. People's Plea, &c., pages 285—7.

"I do indeed confess, to the glory of God and my own shame, that a long time before I entered this way [of separation,] I took some taste of the truth in it by some treatises published in justification of it, which, the Lord knoweth, were sweet as honey to my mouth; and the very principal thing which, for the time, quenched all further appetite in me, was the over-valuation which I made of the learning and holiness of these and the like persons, [the Evangelical Puritans], blushing in myself to have a thought of pressing one hair-breadth before them in this thing, behind whom I knew myself to come so many miles in all other things. Yea, and even of late times, when I had entered into a more serious consideration of these things, and, according to the measure of the grace received, searched the Scriptures whether they were so or not, and by searching found much light of truth, yet was the same so dimmed and overclouded with the contradictions of these men, and others of the like note, that, had not the truth been in my heart as a burning fire shut up in my bones, Jeremiah xx. 9, I had never broken those bonds of flesh and blood, wherein I was so straitly tied, but had suffered the light of God to have been put out in mine own unthankful heart by other men's darkness."*

Though suspended, he still wished to retain his position in connexion with the Establishment. He trusted that some modification of the rigours of conformity might be adopted, and that, in some chaplainship to a public institution, or in some private chapel duly licensed, he might conduct public worship according to his own views of Christian simplicity. For this purpose he applied to the corporation of Norwich for the Mastership of the Great Hospital, then generally held by a clergyman, or for a building to be secured to him by lease, in which he might officiate. In both objects he failed. Hopeless with re* Vide vol. ii., A Justification, &c., pages 51, 52.