+ Hyp.

11.5.

* 9.5.

See N.

* 4. 5.

20.5.

+ Constr.

5 Def. 5.

B: but A is to Bt, as E to F; and as, b
C is to B, as E to D; wherefore E
is to F*, as E to D; and therefore D
is equal to F.

*

Next, let A be less than C: D shall be less than F. For C is greater than A; and, as was shewn, C is to B,

A B C

as E to D, and in like manner B is to A, as F to E; therefore F is greater than D, by case first; that is, D is less than F. Therefore, if there be three, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. XXII. THEOR.

If there be any number of magnitudes, and as many others, which taken two and two in order have the same ratio; the first shall have to the last of the first magnitudes the same ratio which the first has to the last of the others. N. B. This is usually cited by the words "ex æquali," or, " ex æquo.'

First, let there be three magnitudes A, B, C, and as many others D, E, F, which taken two and two have the same ratio, that is, such that A is to B as D to E; and as B is to C, so is E to F: A shall be to C, as D to F.

ABC DEF
GKM HL N

Take of A and D any equimultiples whatever G and H; and of B and E any equimultiples whatever K and L; and of C and F any whatever M and N: then because A is to B, as D to E, and that G, H are equimultiples of A, D, and K, L equimultiples of B, E; therefore as G is to K, so is * H to L: for the same reason, K is to M as L to N: and because there are three magnitudes G, K, M, and other three H, L, N, which two and two have the same ratio *; therefore if G be greater than M, H is greater than N; and if equal, equal; and if less, less: but G, H, are any equimultiples whatever of A, D, and M, N are any equimultiples whatever of C, F; therefore *, as A is to C, so is D to F.

A.B.C.D.

Next, let there be four magnitudes, A, B, C, D, and other four E, F, G, H, which two and G two have the same ratio, viz, as A is to B, so is

E to F; and as B to C, so F to G; and as C to D, so G to H: A shall be to D, as E to H.

Because A, B, C, are three magnitudes, and E, F, G, other three, which taken two and two have the same ratio; therefore by the foregoing case, A is to C, as E to G: but C is to D, as G is to H; wherefore again, by the first case, A is to D, as E to H: and so on, whatever be the number of magnitudes. Therefore, if there be any number, &c. Q. E. D.

If there be any number of magnitudes, and as many others, See N. which taken two and two in a cross order have the same ratio; the first shall have to the last of the first magnitudes the same ratio which the first has to the last of the others. N. B. This is usually cited by the words "ex æquali in proportione perturbatâ;" or "ex æquo perturbato."

First, let there be three magnitudes A, B, C, and other three, D, E, F, which taken two and two in a cross order have the same ratio, that is, such that A is to B, as E to F; and as B is to C, so is D to E: A shall be to C, as D to F.

Take of A, B, D any equimultiples whatever G, H, K; and of C, E, F any equimultiples whatever L, M, N: and because G, Hare equimultiples of A, B, and that magnitudes have the same ratio which their equimultiples have; therefore as A is to B, so is G to H: and for the same reason, as E is to F, so is M to N: but+ as A is to B, so is E to F; therefore as G is to H*, so is M to N: and because+ as B is to C, so is D to E, and that H, K, are equimultiples of B, D, and L, M of

* 15. 5.

A B C
GHL

D E F
KM N

+ Hyp.

* 11. 5.

+ Hyp.

C, E; therefore as H is to L, so is* K to M: and it *4.5. has been shewn that G is to H, as M to N: therefore because there are three magnitudes G, H, L, and other three K, M, N, which have the same ratio taken two and two in a cross order; if G be greater than L, K is greater than N and if equal, equal; and if less, less*: * 21.5. but G, K are any equimultiples + whatever of A, D; and † Constr. L, Nany whatever of C, F; therefore as A is toC†, so is +5 Def. 5. D to F.

:

See N.

† B. 5. + Hyp:

* 22.5.

* 18. 5. + Hyp.

* 22.5.

Next, let there be four magnitudes A, B, C, D, and other four E, F, G, H, which taken two and two in a cross order have the same ratio, viz. A to B, as G to H; B to C, as F to G; and C to D, as E to F: A shall be to D, as E to H.

A.BCD EEGH

Because A, B, C, are three magnitudes, and F, G, H other three, which taken two and two in a cross order have the same ratio; by the first case, A is to C, as F to H: but C is to D, as E is to F; wherefore again, by the first case, A is to D, as E to H: and so on, whatever be the number of magnitudes. Therefore, if there be any number, &c.

Q. E. D.

PROP. XXIV. THEOR.

If the first has to the second the same ratio which the third
has to the fourth; and the fifth to the second, the same
ratio which the sixth has to the fourth; the first and
fifth together shall have to the second, the same ratio
which the third and sixth together have to the fourth.

Let AB the first have to C the second
the same ratio which DE the third has
to F the fourth; and let BG the fifth
have to C the second, the same ratio B
which EH the sixth, has to F the fourth:
AG, the first and fifth together, shall
have to C the second, the same ratio
which DH, the third and sixth together,
has to F the fourth.

H

Because BG is to C, as EH to F; by inversion†, C is to BG, as F to EH: and because, as AB is to Ct, so is DE to F; and as C to BG, so F to EH; ex æquali*, AB is to BG, as DE to EH: and because these magnitudes are proportionals, they are likewise proportionals when taken jointly; therefore as AG is to GB, so is DH to HE: but+ as GB to C, so is HE to F; therefore ex æquali* as AG is to C, so is DH to F. Wherefore, if the first, &c. Q. E. D.

COR. 1. If the same hypothesis be made as in the proposition, the excess of the first and fifth shall be to the second, as the excess of the third and sixth to the fourth. The demonstration of this is the same with that of the proposition, if division be used instead. of composition.

COR. 2. The proposition holds true of two ranks of magnitudes, whatever be their number, of which each of the first rank has to the second magnitude the same ratio that the corresponding one of the second rank has to a fourth magnitude; as is manifest.

If four magnitudes of the same kind are proportionals, the See N. hegreatest and least of them together are greater than the other two together.

Let the four magnitudes AB, CD, E, F be proportionals, viz. AB to CD, as E to F; and let AB be the greatest of them, and consequently F the least*. AB A. & 14. together with F shall be greater than CD together with E.

B

G D

ACEF

5.

+7.&11. 5.

19..5.

Take AG equal to E and CH equal to F: then because as AB is to CD, so is E to F, and that AG is equal to E, and CH equal to F, therefore AB is to CD+, as AG to CH: and because AB the whole, is to the whole CD, as AG is to CH, likewise the remainder GB is to the remainder HD, as the whole AB is to the whole* CD; but AB is greater than CD; therefore* GB is greater than HD: and because AG is equal to E, and CH to F; AG and F together are equal† to CH and +2 Ax. 1. E together: therefore if to the unequal magnitudes GB, HD, of which GB is the greater, there be added equal magnitudes, viz. to GB the two AG and F, and CH and E to HD; AB and F together are greater + + 4 Ax. 1. than CD and E. Therefore, if four magnitudes, &c.

PROP. F. THEOR.

+ Hyp.

* A. 5.

Ratios which are compounded of the same ratios, are the See N. same to one another.

Let A be to B, as D to E; and B to C, as E to F: the ratio which is compounded of the ratios of A to B, and B to C, which by the definition of compound ratio, is the ratio of A to C, shall be the same with the ratio of D to F, which, by the same

K

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

definition, is compounded of the ratios of D to E, and E to F.

Because there are three magnitudes, A, B, C, and three others D, E, F, which, taken two and two, in order, have the same ratio; ex æquali A is to C, as D to F*.

A. B. C.

Next, let A be to B, as E to F, and B to C, as D to E: therefore ex æquali in proportione perturbatâ *, A is to C, as D to F; that is, the ratio of A to C, which is compounded of the ratios of A to B, and B to C, is the same with the ratio of D to F, which is compounded of the ratios of D to E, and E to F. And in like manner the proposition may be demonstrated, whatever be the number of ratios in either case.

PROP. G. THEOR.

D. E. F.

If several ratios be the same to several ratios, each to each; the ratio which is compounded of ratios which are the same to the first ratios, each to each, shall be the same to the ratio compounded of ratios which are the same to the other ratios, each to each.

A.B.C.D. K.L.M.
E. F.G.H. N. O. P.

Let A be to B, as E to F; and C to D, as G to H: and let A be to B, as K to L; and C to D, as L to M: then the ratio of K to M by the definition of compound ratio, is compounded of the ratios of K to L, and L to M, which are the same with the ratios of A to B, and C to D. Again, as E to F, so let N be to O; and as G to H, so let O be to P: then the ratio of N to P, is compounded of the ratios of N to O, and O to P, which are the same with the ratios of E to F, and G to H: and it is to be shewn that the ratio of K to M, is the same with the ratio of N to P; or that K is to M, as N to P.

Because K is to L, as (A to B, that is, as E to F, that is as) N to O; and as L to M, so is (C to D, and so is G to H, and so is) O to P: ex æquali * K is to M, as N to P. Therefore, if several ratios, &c. Q. E. D.