magnitude CD: the excess of CD above a given magnitude has a given ratio to AB. Because the ratio of AE to CD is given; as AE to CD, so make BE to FD; therefore the ratio of BE to FD is given, and BE is given; wherefore FD is given*: and because as AE to CD, so is BE to FD, the remainder AB is to the remainder CF, as AF to CD: but the ratio of A C AE to CD is given; therefore the ratio of AB to CF is given; that is, CF, the excess of CD above the given magnitude FD, has a given ratio to AB. Next, let the excess of the magnitude AB above the given magnitude BE, that is, let AE have a given ratio to the magnitude CD; CD together with a given magnitude has a given ratio to AB. A C Because the ratio of AE to CD is given; as AE to CD so make BE to FD; therefore the ratio of BE to FD is given, and BE is given; wherefore FD is given*: and because, as AE to CD, so is BE to FD, AB is to CF, as* AE to CD: but the ratio of AE to CD is given, therefore the ratio of AB to CF is given; that is, CF, which is equal to CD together with the given magnitude DF, has a given ratio to AB. PROP. XV. If a magnitude, together with that to which another magnitude has a given ratio, be given; the sum of this other, and that to which the first magnitude has a given ratio, is given. Let AB, CD, be two magnitudes, of which AB, together with BE, to which CD has a given ratio, is given; CD is given, together with that magnitude to which AB has a given ratio. Because the ratio of CD to BE is given; as BE to CD so make AE to FD; therefore the ratio of AE to FD is given, and AE is given, * 2 Dat. wherefore* FD is given: and A *Cor.19.5. AE to FD: AB is to FC, as * BE to CD: and the ratio of F BE to CD is given: wherefore the ratio of AB to FC is given: and FD is given, that is, CD together with FC, to which AB has a given ratio, is given. If the excess of a magnitude above a given magnitude have See N. a given ratio to another magnitude; the excess of both together above a given magnitude shall have to that other a given ratio: and if the excess of two magnitudes together above a given magnitude, have to one of them a given ratio ; either the excess of the other above a given magnitude has to that one a given ratio; or the other is given together with the magnitude to which that one has a given ratio. Let the excess of the magnitude AB above a given magnitude, have a given ratio to the magnitude BC; the excess of AC both of them together, above the given magnitude, has a given ratio to BC. Let AD be the given magnitude, the excess of AB above which, viz. DB has a given ratio to BC: and be cause DB has a given ra tio to BC, the ratio of DC to CB is given *, and AD is *7 Dat. given; therefore DC, the excess of AC above the given magnitude AD, has a given ratio to BC, Next, let the excess of two magnitudes AB, BC, toge ther, above a given magni A DB E tude, have to one of them ratio. * Let AD be the given magnitude, and first let it be less than AB; and because DC the excess of AC above AD has a given ratio to BC, DB has a given ratio *Cor. 6. to BC; that is, DB the excess of AB above the given Dat. magnitude AD has a given ratio to BC. But let the given magnitude be greater than AB, and make AE equal to it; and because EC, the excess of AC above AE, has to BC a given ratio, BC has * a *6 Dat. given ratio to BE; and because AE is given, AB toge ther with BE to which BC has a given ratio is given. PROP. XVII. If the excess of a magnitude above a given magnitude have a given ratio to another magnitude; the excess of the same first magnitude above a given magnitude, shall have a given ratio to both the magnitudes together. And if the excess of either of two magnitudes above a given magnitude have a given ratio to both magnitudes together; the excess of the same above a given magnitude shall have a given ratio to the other. Let the excess of the magnitude AB above a given magnitude have a given ratio to the magnitude BC; the excess of AB above a given magnitude has a given ratio to AC. A Let AD be the given magnitude; and because DB, the excess of AB above AD, has a given ratio to BC; the ratio of DC to DB is given *; make the ratio of AD to DE the same with this ratio; therefore the raEDB DB C tio of AD to DE is given; and AD is given, wherefore* DE and the remainder AE are given. And because as DC to DB, so is AD to DE, AC is to EB, as DC to DB; and the ratio of DC to DB is given; wherefore, the ratio of AC to EB, is given; and because the ratio of EB to AC is given, and that AE is given, therefore EB the excess of AB above the given magnitude AE, has a given ratio to AC. Next, let the excess of AB above a given magnitude have a given ratio to AB and BC together, that is, to AC; the excess of AB above a given magnitude has a given ratio to BC. Let AE be the given magnitude; and because EB the excess of AB above AE has to AC a given ratio, as AC to EB so make AD to DE; therefore the ratio of AD to DE is given, as also the ratio of AD to AE: and AE is given, wherefore* AD is given: and because, as the whole AC, to the whole EB, so is AD to DE, the remainder DC is to the remainder DB, as AC to EB; and the ratio of AC to EB is given; wherefore the ratio of DC to DB is given, as also * the ratio of DB to BC: and AD is given; therefore DB, the excess of AB above a given magnitude AD, has a given ratio to BC. PROP. XVIII. If to each of two magnitudes, which have a given ratio to one another, a given magnitude be added; the wholes shall either have a given ratio to one another, or the excess of one of them above a given magnitude shall have a given ratio to the other. Let the two magnitudes AB, CD have a given ratio to one another, and to AB let the given magnitude BE be added, and the given magnitude DF to CD: the wholes AE, CF either have a given ratio to one another, or the excess of one of them above a given magnitude has a given ratio to the other. 14. Because BE, DF, are each of them given, their ratio* * 1 Dat. is given, and if this ratio be the same with the ratio of AB to CD, the ratio of AE to AB to CD, either it is greater than the ratio of AB to CD, or, by inversion, the ratio of DF to BE is greater than the ratio of CD to AB: * * 10: 5. DF is given; and DF is given, therefore* BG is * 2 Dat. given: and because BE has a greater ratio to DF than (AB to CD, that is than) BG to DF, BE is greater than BG: and because as AB to CD, so is BG to DF; therefore AG is* to CF, as AB to CD: but the ratio* 12. 5. of AB to CD is given, wherefore the ratio of AG to CF is given; and because BE, BG are each of them given, GE is given therefore AG, the excess of AE above a given magnitude GE, has a given ratio to CF. The other case is demonstrated in the same manner. PROP. XIX. If from each of two magnitudes, which have a given ratio to one another, a given magnitude be taken, the remainders shall either have a given ratio to one an 15. * 1 Dat. 19.5. 2 Dat. * 10.5. * 19. 5. 16. D other, or the excess of one of them above a given magnitude, shall have a given ratio to the other. Let the magnitudes AB, CD, have a given ratio to one another, and from AB let the given magnitude AE be taken, and from CD the given magnitude CF: the remainders EB, FD shall either have a given ratio to one another, or the excess of one of them above a given magnitude shall have a given ratio to the other. Because AE, CF are each of them given, their A E C F ratio is given *; and if this ratio be the same with the ratio of AB to CD, the ratio of the remainder EB to the remainder FD, which is the same with the given ratio of AB to CD, shall be given. But if the ratio of AB to CD be not the same with the ratio of AE to CF, either it is greater than the ratio of AE to CF, or, by inversion, the ratio of CD to AB is greater than the ratio of CF to AE: first, let the ratio of AB to CD be greater than the ratio of AE to CF, and as AB to CD, so make AG to CF: therefore the ratio of AG to CF is given, and CF is given, A C E F D and because the ratio of * PROP. XX. If to one of two magnitudes which have a given ratio to one another, a given magnitude be added, and from the other a given magnitude be taken; the excess of the sum above a given magnitude shall have a given ratio to the remainder. Let the two magnitudes AB, CD have a given ratio |