Remarks. The particle as, when it is connected with the pronoun such, has the force of a relative pronoun; as, 'Let such as presume to advise others look well to their own conduct;' which is equivalent to, 'Let them who presume,' &c. But when used by itself, this particle is to be considered as a conjunction, or perhaps as an adverb.

LECTURE VIII. OF ADVERBS.

RULE XVII.-Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs; as, "He writes well; She is very beautiful; They speak very correctly."

Remarks Adverbs, though they have no government of case, tense, &c. require an appropriate situation in the sentence, viz. for the most part, before adjectives, after verbs active or neuter, and frequently between the auxiliary and the verb; as, 'He made a very sensible discourse; he spoke unaffectedly and forcibly, and was attentively heard by the whole assembly.' A few instances of erroneous positions of adverbs may serve to illustrate the rule. He must not expect to find study agreeable always; always agreeable. We always find them ready when we want them; we find them always ready,' &c. Dissertations on the prophecies which have reınarkably been fulfilled; which have been remarkably. Instead of looking contemptuously down on the crooked in mind or in body, we should look up thankfully to God, who hath made us better; instead of looking down contemptuously, &c. we should thankfully look up,' &c. 'If thou art blessed naturally with a good memory, continually exercise it; 'naturally blessed,' &c. exercise it continually."

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Sometimes the adverb is placed with propriety before the verb, or at some distance after it; sometimes between the two auxiliaries; and sometimes after both; as in the following examples. Vice always creeps by degrees and insensibly twines around us those concealed fetters, by which we are at last completely bound.' He encouraged the English Barons to carry their opposition farther. They compelled him to declare that he would abjure the realm forever;' instead of, to carry farther their opposition,' and 'to abjure forever the realm.' 'fle has generally been reckoned an honest man. The book may always be had at such a place;' in preference to ‘has been generally,' and 'may be always.' These rules will be clearly understood, after they have been diligently studied,' is preferable to, 'These rules will clearly be understood, after they have diligently been studied."

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Exercises in False Syntax.-He was pleasing not often because he was vain. William nobly acted, though he was unsuccessful. We inay happily live, though our possessions are small. From whence we may date likewise the period of this event. It cannot be impertinent or ridiculous therefore to remonstrate. He offered an apology, which being not admitted, he became submissive. These things should be never separated. Unless he have more government of himself, he will be always discontented. Never sovereign was so much beloved by his people. He was determined to invite back the king, and to call together his friends. So well educated a boy gives great hopes to his friends. Not only he found her employed, but pleased and tranquil also. We always should prefer our duty to our pleasure. It is impossible continually to be at work. The heavenly bodies are in motion perpetually. Having not known or having not considered, the measure proposed, he failed of success. My opinion was given on rather a cursory perusal of the book. It is too common with mankind, to be engrossed, and overcome totally by present events. When the Romans were pressed with a foreign enemy, the women contributed all their rings and jewels voluntarily to assist the government.

NOTE 1.-The adverb never, generally precedes the verb; as, 'I never was there; He never comes at a proper time.' When an auxiliary is used it is placed indifferently, either before or after this adverb; as, 'He was never seep (or never was seen) to laugh from that time.' Never seems to be improperly used in the following passages. 'Ask me never so much dowry

and gift. If I make my hands never so clean. Charm he never so wisely.' The word ever, would be more suitable to the sense. Ever is sometimes improperly used for never; as, 'I seldom or ever see him now.' It should be, 'I seldom or never;' the speaker intending to say, that rarely or rather at no time, does he see him now; not rarely, or at any time.'

Exercises in False Syntax. He looked never better in his life. She was never in France. This fruit grew never in Europe. They could not persuade him, though they were never so eloquent. If some person's opportunities were never so favorable, they would be too indolent to improve them. He has never been in this country since. It is seldom or ever seen here now.

NOTE 2.-In imitation of the French idiom, the adverb of place, where, is often used instead of the pronoun relative and a preposition. They framed a protestation, where they repeated all their former claims;' i. e. ' in which they repeated.' 'The king was still determined to run forwards, in the same course where he was already, by his precipitate career, too fatally advanced ;' i. e. ' in which he was.' But it would be better to avoid this mode of expression.

The adverbs here, there, where, are often improperly applied to verbs signifying motion, instead of the adverbs hither, thither, whither; as, 'He came here hastily; they rode there with speed.' They should be, He came hither; they rode thither;' &c.

Exercises in False Syntax.-He drew up a petition, where he too freely represented his own merits. His follies had reduced him to a situation, where he had much to fear, and nothing to hope. It is reported that the prince will come here to-morrow. George is active: he walked there in less than an hour. Where are you all going in such haste? Whither have they been since they left the city?

NOTE 3.-We have some examples of adverbs being used for substantives. In 1687, he erected it into a community of regulars, since when, it has begun to increase in those countries as a religious order;' i. e. since which time." A little while and I shall not see you; i. e. 6 a short time.' 'It is worth their while ;' i. e. it deserves their time and pains.' But this mode of expression rather suits a familiar than a grave style. The same may be said of the phrase, To do a thing any how' i. e. 'in any manner;' or somehow ;' i. e. in some manner.' 'Somehow, worthy as these people are, they are under the influence of prejudice.'

Exercises in False Syntax.-Charles left the seminary too early, since when he has made a very little improvement. Nothing is better worth the while of young persons, than the acquisition of knowledge and virtue. He is somehow worse to-day than he was yesterday. NOTE 4.-Two negatives, in English, destroy one another, or are equivalent to an affirmative; as, Nor did they not perceive him :' that is, 'they did perceive him.' 'His language, though inelegant, is not ungrammatical; that is, it is grammatical.'

It is better to express an affirmation, by a regular affirmative, than by two separate negatives, as in the former sentence; but when one of the negatives is joined to another word, as in the latter sentence, the two negatives form a pleasing and delicate variety of expression. Some writers have improperly employed two negatives instead of one: as in the following instances; 'I never did repent of doing good, nor shall not now; nor shall I now. Never no imitator grew up to his author; never did any,' &c. 'I cannot by no means allow him what his argument must prove: I cannot by any means,' &c. or, 'I can by no means.' .Nor let no comforter approach me; nor let any comforter,' &c. Nor is danger ever apprehended in such a government, no more than we commonly apprehend danger from thunder or earthquakes;' it should be, any more."Ariosto, Tasso, Galileo, no more than Raphael, were not born in republics. Neither Ariosto, Tasso, nor Galileo, any more than Raphael, was born in a republic.'

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Exercises in False Syntax. Neither riches, nor honors, nor no such perishing goods can satisfy the desires of an immortal spirit. Be honest, nor take no shape nor semblanee

of disguise. We need not, nor do not confine his operations to narrow limits. I am resolved not to comply with the proposal, neither at present, nor at any other time.There cannot be nothing more insignificant than vanity. Nothing never affected her so much as this misconduct of her child. Do not interrupt me yourselves, nor let no one disturb my retirement. These people do not judge wisely nor take no proper measures to effect their purpose. The measure is so unexceptionable, that we cannot by no means permit it. I have received no information on the subject, neither from him nor from his friend. Precept nor discipline is not so forcible as example. The king nor the queen was not at all deceived in the business.

RULE XXI.-Prepositions govern the objective case; as, “From him that is needy, turn not away; A word to the wise is sufficient for them; We may be good and happy without riches."

Remarks. The following are examples of the nominative case being used instead of the objective. 'Who servest thou under? Who do you speak to? We are still at a loss who civil power belongs to; Who dost thou ask for? Associate not with those who none can speak well of.' In all these places it ought to be whom.'

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The prepositions, to and for, are often understood, chiefly before the pronouns; as, 'Give me the book; Get me some paper; that is, to me; for me.' 'Wo is me;' i. e. 'to me.' 'He was banished England;' i. e. from England.'

Exercises in False Syntax. He bought the book for himself. The selfish care only for theirselves. It was said by somebody, I know not who, that Charles was not the person who they imputed the crime to.

NOTE 1. The preposition is often separated from the relative, which it governs; as, Whom wilt thou give it to ?' instead of, To whom wilt thou give it?' He is an author whom I am much delighted with; The world is too polite to shock authors with the truth, which generally their booksellers are the first that inform them of.' This is an idiom to which our language is strongly inclined; it prevails in common conversation, and suits very well with the familiar style in writing; but the placing of the preposition before the relative is more graceful, as well as more perspicuous, and agrees much better with the solemn and elevated style.

Exercises in False Syntax. To have no one whom we heartily wish well to, and whom we are warmly concerned for, is a deplorable state. He is a friend, whom I am highly indebted to, and whom I love to converse with.

NOTE 2. Some writers separate the preposition from its noun, in order to connect different prepositions with the same noun: as, 'To suppose the zodiac and planets to be efficient of, and antecedent to themselves.' This construction, whether in the familiar or the solemn style, is always inelegant, and should generally be avoided. In forms of law and the like, where fulness and exactness of expression must take place of every other consideration, it may be admitted.

Exercises in False Syntax.-On these occasions the pronoun is governed by, and consequently agrees with the preceding word. They were refused entrance into, and forcibly driven from, the house. He came from, and is now returning to, France.

&c.

NOTE 3.-Different relations and different senses, must be expressed by different prepositions, though in conjunction with the same verb or adjective. Thus we say, 'to converse with a person, upon a subject, in a house,' We also say, We are disappointed of a thing,' when we cannot get it, and disappointed in it,' when we have it and find it does not answer our expectations. But two different prepositions must be improper in the same construction and in the same sentence: as, 'The combat between thirty French against twenty English.'

When prepositions are subjoined to nouns they are generally the same that are subjoined to the verbs from which the nouns are derived; as, 'A compli ance with, to comply with; A disposition to tyranny, disposed to tyrannize.' The words averse and aversion, (says Dr. Campbell,) are more properly construed with to than with from. The examples in favor of the latter preposition are beyond comparison outnumbered by those in favor of the former. Exercises in False Syntax. - We are often disappointed of things, which, before possession, promised much enjoyment. I have frequently desired their company, but have always hitherto been disappointed in that pleasure. The contest was between three French frigates against two English men of war. The committee was averse from his plan. He had an unconquerable aversion from affectation. We have come in compliance to our promise.

NOTE 4.- As an accurate and appropriate use of the preposition is of great importance, we shall select a considerable number of examples of impropriety, in the application of this part of speech.

1st. With respect to the preposition of. He is resolved of going to the Persian court; on going,' &c. He was totally dependent of the Papal crown; on the Papal,' &c. To call of a person,' and 'to wait of him ; on a person,' &c. He was eager of recommending it to his fellow citizens; in recommending,' &c. Of is sometimes omitted, and sometimes inserted after worthy; as, 'It is worthy observation,' or, of observation.' But it would have been better omitted in the following sentences. The emulation, who should serve their country best, no longer subsists among them, but of who should obtain the most lucrative command. The rain hath been falling of a long time; falling a long time. It is situation chiefly which decides of the fortune and characters of men; decides the fortune,' or, concerning the fortune.' He found the greatest difficulty of writing; in writing. It might have given me a greater taste of its antiquities. A taste of a thing implies actual enjoyment of it; but a taste for it implies only a capacity for enjoyment. This had a much greater share of inciting him, than any regard after his father's commands;' share in inciting,' and regard to his father's,' &c.

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You have bestowed

2d. With respect to the prepositions to and for. your favors to the most deserving persons; upon the most deserving, &c. He accused the ministers for betraying the Dutch; of having betrayed. His abhorrence to that superstitious figure; of that, &c. A great change to the better; for the better. Your prejudice to my cause; against. The English were very different people then to what they are at present; from what,' &c. In compliance to the declaration; with, &c. 'It is more than they thought for; thought of. There is no need for it; of it.' For is superfluous in the phrase, More than he knows for. No discouragement for the authors to proceed; to the authors,' &c. 'It was perfectly in compliance to some persons; with. The wisest princes need not think it any diminution to their greatness, or derogation to their sufficiency, to rely upon counsel; diminution of and derogation from.'

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3d. With respect to the prepositions with and upon.- Reconciling himself with the king. Those things which have the greatest resemblance with each other frequently differ the most. That such rejection should be consonant with our common nature. Conformable with, &c. The history of Peter is agreeable with the sacred texts.' In all the above instances, it should be, to,' instead of with.' 'It is a use that perhaps I should not have thought on; thought of. A greater quantity may be tak en from the heap, without making any sensible alteration upon it; in it. Intrusted to persons on whom the parliament could confide; in whom. He was made much on at Argos; much of. If policy can prevail upon force; over force. I do likewise dissent with the examiner; from.’

4th. With respect to the prepositions in, from, &c. They should be informed in some parts of his character; about, or concerning. Upon such occasions as fell into their cognizance; under. The variety of factions into which we are still engaged; in which. To restore myself into the favor to the favor. Could he have profited from repeated experiences; by.' From seems to be superfluous after forbear; as, 'He could not forbear from appointing the pope,' &c. 'A strict observance after times and fashions; of times. The character which we may now value ourselves by drawing; upon drawing. Neither of them shall make me swerve out of the path; from the path. Ye blind guides, which strain at a gnat and swallow a camel;' it ought to be, which strain out a gnat,' or 'take a gnat out of the liquor by straining it.' The impropriety of the preposition has wholly destroyed the meaning of the phrase.

The verb to found, when used literally, is more properly followed by the preposition on; as, 'The house was founded on a rock. But in the metaphorical application, it is often better with in; as, 'They maintained, that their dominion is founded in grace.' Both the sentences would be badly expressed, if these prepositions were transposed; though there are perhaps cases in which either of them would be good.

The preposition among, generally implies a number of things. It cannot be properly used in conjunction with the word every, which is in the singular number; as, 'Which is found among every species of liberty; the opinion seems to gain ground among every body.'

Exercises in False Syntax. She finds a difficulty of fixing her mind. Her sobriety is no derogation to her understanding. There was no water and he died for thirst. We can fully confide on none but the truly good. I have no occasion of his services. Many have profited from good advice. Many ridiculous practices have been brought in vogue. The error was occasioned by compliance to earnest entreaty. This is a principle in unison to our nature. We should entertain no prejudices to simple and rustic persons. They are at present resolved of doing their duty. That boy is known under the name of the idler. Though conformable with custom, it is not warrantable. This remark is founded in truth. His parents think on him and his improvements with pleasure and hope. His excuse was admitted of by his master. What went ye out for to see? There appears to have been a million men brought into the field. His present was accepted of by his friends. More than a thousand of inen were destroyed. It is my request that he will be particular in speaking to the following points. The Saxons reduced the greater part Britain to their own power. He lives opposite the royal exchange. Their house is situated to the north east of the road. The performance was approved of by all who understood it. He was accused with having acted unfairly. She has an abhorrence to all deceitful conduct. They were some distance from home, when the accident happen. ed. His deportment was adapted for conciliating regard. My father writes me very frequently. Their conduct was agreeable with their profession. We went leisurely above stairs, and came hastily below; we shall write up stairs this forenoon, and down stairs in the afternoon. The politeness of the world has the same resemblance with benevolence, that the shadow has with the substance. He had a taste of such studies, and pursued them earnestly. When we have had a true taste for the pleasures of virtue we can have no relish of those of vice. How happy is it to know how to live at times by one's self, to leave one's self in regret, to find one's self again with pleasure! The world is then less necessary for us. Civility makes its way among every kind of persons. His system was founded merely in the opinions of those whom he consulted.

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NOTE 5.- The preposition to is made use of before nouns of place, when they follow verbs and participles of motion; as, 'I went to London; I am going to town.' But the preposition at is generally used after the neuter verb to be; as, 'I have been at London; I was at the place appointed; shall be at Paris.' We likewise say, 'He touched, arrived at any place.' The preposition in is set before countries, cities, and large towns; as, ' He lives in France, in London, or in Birmingham.' But before villages, single houses, and cities which are in distant countries, at is used; as, 'He lives at Hackney; He resides at Montpelier.'

Participles are frequently used as prepositions; as, excepting, respecting