force of the contrast is marked; but the figure is too elaborate for ordinary prose of the present day.

"Homer was the greater genius, Virgil the better artist. In the one we most admire the man, in the other the work. Homer hurries us with a commanding impetuosity, Virgil leads us with an attractive majesty. Homer scatters with a generous profusion, Virgil bestows with a careful magnificence. Homer, like the Nile, pours out his riches with a boundless overflow, Virgil, like a river in its banks, with a gentle and constant stream."POPE.

Here the clauses are all arranged in couplets; and each clause of each couplet is formed in exactly the same manner, so that substantive is balanced against substantive, verb against verb, adjective against adjective.

"Reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man; and therefore if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he read little, he had need have much cunning to seem to know that he doth not. Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contena."BACON.

Here the first three clauses are alike, word corresponds with word, and then follow three more similar clauses. In the second sentence are six clauses, all corresponding word for word.

§ 84. PROSAPODOSIS.

Another kind is found in sentences where the statement of a thing is followed by the antithesis of its cause. This is called "prosapodosis :"

"Neither do I dread him as an accuser, inasmuch as I am innocent; nor do I fear him as a competitor, since I am Antonius; nor do I expect anything from him as consul, since he is Cicero."-Quoted by Quintilian.

"It is better to command no one than to be a slave to any one; for we may live honorably with command, but in slavery there is no endurance of life."-Quoted by Quintilian.

"Judge not, that ye be not judged; for with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged; and with what measure ye mete, it shall be measured to you again."

CHAPTER III.

FIGURES OF RELATIVITY ARISING FROM THE PERCEPTION OF RESEMBLANCE.

§ 85. FIGURES WHICH ARISE FROM THE PERCEPTION OF

RESEMBLANCE.

THE perception of resemblance is a fruitful source of figures. The power of like to suggest like is inherent in the human mind; and it is a universal fashion to explain one thing by means of some other thing which it resembles. The figures based upon this include, among others, comparison and metaphor, which are the most widely used, the most effective, and the most important of all; and which have an influence outside of literature altogether, affecting common life, social intercourse, and the growth and development of language.

§ 86. PARALLEL.

This is similar to antithesis in form, but different in character; for while antithesis is the comparison of different things, parallel is the comparison of similar things.

In antithesis we have the effect which is produced by contrast; in parallel we have the effect which is produced by resemblance. But the true force of parallel consists in this, that it is generally the repetition of a statement. Sometimes it is associated with the accumulative figures, as when a series of similar things are mentioned with cumulative effect; and sometimes it is associated with the iterative figures, as when a thought is repeated with additional emphasis.

The most conspicuous example of the use of parallel is found in the poetry of the Sacred Scriptures. The Hebrews did not make use of any kind of metre; their versification was nothing more than the figure parallel, with which antithesis was also joined. This peculiar kind of versification is called parallel

ism. This figure is found in many forms, from the simplest up to the most complicated.

"Lord, who shall abide in thy tabernacle,

Who shall walk on thy holy hill."

This is the simplest form of parallel. Here the sentiment of the first line is repeated in the second.

"The heavens declare the glory of God,

And the firmament showeth his handy-work.
Day unto day uttereth speech,

And night unto night showeth knowledge."

Antithesis and parallel are visible throughout the New Testament also. The Sermon on the Mount presents one long series of these figures. The parallelism may also be found in the canticles of St. Luke, and the songs of the Apocalypse. In English literature it is frequent, though far less so than the antithesis: "O joy! that in our embers

Is something that doth live,

That nature yet remembers

What was so fugitive."-Wordsworth.

The sentiment expressed in the first and second of these lines is repeated in the third and fourth.

Many examples of this figure may be found in Shelley, who uses it for iterative purposes:

66 Bending from heaven, in azure mirth,

It kissed the forehead of the earth,

And smiled upon the silent sea,

And bade the frozen streams be free."-SHELLEY.

"Away, away, from men and towns,

To the wild wood and the downs,

To the silent wilderness."-SHELLEY.

In these passages the figure parallel consists of the presentation of a series of similar acts or circumstances.

"Private prayer is essential to spiritual life; without it there is no life."-REV. F. W. ROBERTSON.

"How much of what he acknowledges as truth is profoundly mysterious! What difficulties throng great portions of Scripture! How dark the dispensations of Providence! What subject for implicit faith in the workings of God's moral government."-REV. HENRY MELVILL.

"Let the spot be purified, or let it cease to be New England. Let it be purified, or let it be set aside from the Christian world; let it be put out of

the circle of human sympathies and human records; and let civilized man henceforth have no communion with it."-DANIEL WEBSTER.

In each of these passages there is also a series of similar statements.

Parallel, like antithesis, assumes various forms to which names have been given. These will now be briefly considered.

§ 87. DIEXODUS.

There is the enumeration of successive particulars in such a way that they are presented in parallel order. This is called "diexodus :"

"This is the state of man: to-day he puts forth
The tender leaves of hope, to-morrow blossoms,
And bears his blushing honors thick upon him;
The third day, comes a frost, a killing frost ;
And-when he thinks, good easy man, full surely
His greatness is a ripening-nips his root,
And then he falls, as I do."-SHAKESPEARE.

"At thirty, man suspects himself a fool;
Knows it at forty, and reforms his plan;
At fifty, chides his infamous delay;

Pushes his prudent purpose to resolve,

Resolves; and re-resolves; then dies the same."-YOUNG.

§ 88. TRICOLA.

Another variety is found when similar clauses are arranged by threes. This is called "tricola :"

"Such notions shock every precept of morality, every feeling of humanity, every sentiment of honor."-CHATHAM.

"He has this day surprised the thousands who hung with rapture on his accents, by such an array of talents, such an exhibition of capacity, such a display of power, as are unparalleled in the annals of oratory.”—Burke.

"My heart leaps up when I behold

A rainbow in the sky.

So was it when my life began,

So is it now I am a man,

So be it when I shall grow old,

Or let me die."-WORDSWORTH.

$ 89. DIALLAGE.

Diallage is the union of words partly of similar, and partly

of different signification.

If the following sentences be written out separately, in parallel order, their nature will be more clearly apparent :

"I have found them and shared their fellowship among the daring, the ardent, the indomitably active French.

"I have found them among the persevering, resolute, and industrious Swiss.

"I have found them among the laborious, the warm-hearted, the enthusiastic Germans.”—BROUGHAM.

Here there is a parallel in the general idea, while there are certain special differences. The same is seen in the following

sentence:

'Castlereagh and Canning fought in the same ranks with Pitt; and Grattan took his place in the great contests of party by the side of Fox."

$ 90. METABOLE.

Metabole is the repetition of similar ideas :

"I entreat you by your love of peace; by your hatred of oppression; by your weariness of burdensome and useless taxation."

§ 91. EXERGASIA.

Exergasia is the employment in succession of different phrases conveying the same meaning:

"Who is to blame for this? Against whom shall the charge be brought? Whom shall we accuse of having committed it?"-CICERO.

"But, my lords, who is the man that has dared to associate to our arms the tomahawk and scalping-knife of the savage-to call into civilized alliance the wild and inhuman inhabitant of the woods-to delegate to the merciless Indian the defence of disputed rights, and to wage the horrors of his barbarous war against our brethren ?"-CHATHAM.

§ 92. PARADIASTOLE.

Things which have similitude are distinguished. This is called "paradiastole."

"Knowledge and wisdom, far from being one,

Have ofttimes no connection; . .

Knowledge is proud that he has learned so much,
Wisdom is humble that he knows no more."-CowPER.

"True fortitude is seen in great exploits."

"'Tis Greece, but living Greece no more."-BYRON.