to afford a more complete and varied course of instruction than the National Schools, and at the same time to serve as institutions forming a transition between them and the gymnasiums. In each progymnasium there must be seven teachers, exclusive of the masters for singing and gymnastics. The subjects of instruction comprise-Religion, the Russian Language, Mathematics, the Natural Sciences, Geography, History, the German Language, the French Language, Writing, Geometrical and other Drawing, and Singing. The subjects of study are obligatory on all the pupils, excepting the foreign languages, which are learned by such only as desire to do so.

Gymnasiums.

The Gymnasiums, the third and highest grade of schools, and serving, like our grammar and foundation schools, mainly as preparatory institutions to the universities, are divided into two classes-Philological and Real. In addition to the subjects common to both classes and to the progymnasiums, there is given in the latter a more complete and detailed course of Natural Science and Mathematics; and in the former the Greek language and a more detailed course in Latin. Supplementary courses may be opened in the gymnasiums and progymnasiums, according to local requirements, in any of the following subjects:Law, Technology, Agricultural Economy, the Art of Construction, the Method of distinguishing the quality of Goods, Book-keeping, Hygienics, Foreigu Languages other than those taught in the regular course; and in general all applications of science to manufactures, trade and commerce.

Both the Gymnasiums and Progymnasiums are supported by the State, but the education is not gratuitous-each pupil paying a fixed fee, according to a regulated scale of payment approved by the Minister of Public Instruction.

Female Schools.

Female Schools are divided into three categories: (1.) National Schools; (2.) Schools of the Second Category, corresponding to the Progymnasium for boys; and (3.) Schools of the First Category, corresponding to the Gymnasium. Differing from each other only in the extent of the course of instruction given in them, all these schools have, nevertheless, one and the same object—that of "communicating to their pupils such a religious, moral and intellectual education as may be required from every woman, and especially from one destined to become a wife and a mother."

Female National Schools are founded and directed on precisely similar principles with National Schools destined for the education of children of the male sex. Schools of the Second and First Category are placed under the supreme authority of the Curators of Educational Circles, and are established in such towns and places only where there may appear a reasonable probability of guaranteeing their existence by means of the sums paid for tuition only.

Private Schools and Private Teaching.

The right of opening a private Day or Boarding School is open to all subjects of the Russian Empire enjoying the confidence of the community, and holding a certificate entitling them at least to the designation of domestic tutors or governesses. All such schools are, however, to be subject to the supervision of the Directors of Schools for each Province.

Persons opening Private Boarding or Day Schools without the permission of

the School authorities, or teaching in them without the proper certificates giving them the right to do so, are liable, for the first offense, to a pecuniary fine-in the former case of 150 rubles, and in the latter of 75 rubles-the amount to go to a fund in aid of domestic tutors and governesses. The Directors of Schools in the respective Provinces are bound, so far as circumstances will permit, to visit all private schools within their district, and report upon their management. The right of giving instruction in private houses is open to all persons without distinction who possess the confidence of parents. The designation of domestic Tutor, and the privileges attaching thereto, are exclusively reserved to those persons who possess a testimonial certifying that they have completed the course of a recognized university-Russian or foreign.

The designation of domestic Teacher is given to such persons only as have completed the full course of instruction in a gymnasium, or who have undergone in the gymnasium the examination corresponding to that course.

Universities.

The Universities embrace the usual course of studies in institutions of a similar character in this country, with some additional chairs for special subjects— among which may be mentioned Pedagogy, or the Theory and Practice of Education, Geography, and Archæology and the History of the Arts. The Teachers are divided on the plan of the German Universities into Professors, Ordinary and Extraordinary; Docents, Senior and Junior; Lecturers, Private-Docents, and Teachers of the Arts. The Degrees conferred are those of Candidate, Master, and Doctor.

Rights and Privileges of Teachers.

All persons serving in National Schools, Teachers' Institutes, and Gymnasiums, and all persons holding a diploma entitling them to the designation of Domestic Tutor or Teacher, of either sex, are considered in the service of the State. They have a right to a pension after serving a certain period, and may receive medals, pecuniary rewards, and orders for distinguished services, in conformity with the regulations laid down for the government of the Civil Service generally.

Directors of gymnasiums, and Inspectors of boarding-houses in gymnasiums, of separate progymnasiums and Teachers' Institutes, as well as all the teachers in these scholastic institutions, including among them also the religious instruc tor, and the teacher of ordinary and geometrical drawing and writing, and all the ushers and inspectors of day scholars, likewise Directors and Inspectors of National Schools, are rewarded, on their retirement from their functions after twenty years of irreproachable service, with pensions amounting to one-half; and after twenty-five years, amounting to the whole salary received by them.

The teachers and religious instructors of National Schools, after completing twenty-five years' service, receive, in the form of pension, two-thirds of the annual amount of their salaries; and this pension is paid them independent of their salary, if they continue in the service.

The families of deceased Teachers, entitled to a pension by right of service, receive the full pension, one-half going to the widow as long as she remains unmarried, and the other half to the children.

Domestic Tutors, Governesses, and Private Teachers of both sexes, holding diplomas, are entitled to pension after twenty-five years of service, the amount of which is fixed by the Minister of Public Instruction.

FIRST SERIES.

THE FIRST SERIES of Barnard's American Journal of Education consists of ten volumes, each volume having an average of 700 pages, embellished with at least four portraits from engravings on steel, of eminent teachers, educators and promoters of education, and with a large number of wood-cuts, illustrative of recent improvements in the structure, furniture, and arrangements of buildings designed for educational uses.

The series, uniformly and neatly bound, with an index to each volume, and a general index to the first five volumes, will be delivered to the order of subscribers, and forwarded by express, or otherwise, as may be directed, at the expense of the persons ordering the same, on the following

TERMS: For the entire series, in parts or numbers,......

$20.00

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, for 1862, will be published quarterly; viz., on the 15th of March, June, September, and December.

Each Number will contain at least 304 pages, and each volume will be embel. lished with at least two portraits, and with woodcuts illustrative of recent improvements in buildings, apparatus and furniture designed for educational purposes.

TERMS: For a single copy, one year, or for four consecutive numbers, $4.00
For a single number,....

All subscriptions payable in advance.

1.50

All communications relating to the Journal, may be addressed to
HENRY BARNARD, 28 Main St., Hartford, Conn.

1863.

THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EDUCATION, for 1863, will be published quarterly; viz., on the 15th of March, June, September, and December.

Each Number will contain at least 204 pages, and the volume will be embellished with at least two portraits, and with wood-cuts illustrative of recent improvements in educational buildings, apparatus and furniture.

TERMS: For a single copy, one year, or for the four consecutive numbers, $2.50
For a single number,..

For three copies in one order, for the year,.
For five copies in one order,

66

NUMBERS FOR 1862 AND 1863.

0.75

7.00

10.00

As an inducement to new subscribers to commence with Number One of the NEW SERIES, the numbers for 1862 and 1863, (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,) will be supplied on the following terms, viz.:

One copy, Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, for 1862, and 1863,.

Two copies,.

Three copies,.

Five copies,.

5.50

10.50

15.00

23.75

Volumes I and II., (New Series,) in paper covers neatly lettered, will be

furnished to subscribers for 1863, at $2.00 per volume.

POSTAGE IF PAID IN ADVANCE AT OFFICE WHERE MAILED OR DELIVERED, WILL BE 4 OR 5 CENTS A NUMBER, (1863,) AND 16 TO 20 CENTS A YEAR.

The subscriber is authorized to receive subscriptions and orders for the American Journal of Education and other publications of Dr. Barnard, in the City and State of New York.

J. B. TALLMAN, 25 Howard St., New York City.