History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Volume 4

Archibald Alison

W. Blackwood, 1855 - Europe

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Table of Contents

Ribbonmen and secret societies 14 Orange lodges CHAPTER	1

Statistics of the condition of the Irish poor	2

Ruinous effects of the power of the landlord	3

Immense and redundant population in the country	4

Manificent grants of the English to Ireland	5

Great simultaneous increase of industry and productions in Ireland	6

Causes of the wretched situation of Ireland	7

Effects of the Roman Catholic religion 9 Splitting of farms for political purposes	9

State of Ireland	369

Dreadful tithe outrages in Wexford and Newtonbarry	370

Resolution of the Cabinet to create Peers ib 102 The King is violently agitated and reluctantly consents	371

Secret negotiations with the waverers	372

Revolutionary meetings to coerce the Peers	373

Second reading of the bill carried by a majority of nine	374

Lord Lyndhursts amendment carried by thirtyfive ib 107 Ministers resign and their resignation is accepted	375

The King sends for the Duke of Wellington to form a ministry ib 109 Vehement excitement in the country	376

Pernicious effects of the potato 11 Want of poorlaws 12 Absentee proprietors Page 1 2 4 ib 5 6 7 9 10	11

Irregularity and uncertainty in the administration of justice	15

Intimidation of juries and witnesses	16

Catholic emancipation the only remedy proposed by English Liberals and 15 16 Irish malcontents	17

Effects of that measure	18

Disturbed state of Ireland in 1823 and prosecutions for the riot in	19

Dublin theatre 20 20 Disturbed state of the country	20

Renewal of the Insurrection Act and composition for tithes	21

Debates on Irish corruption and Catholic emancipation	22

Improvement of the country in 1824	24

Beneficial working of the TitheComposition Bill	25

Rise of the Catholic Association	26

Real objects of the Association	27

Roman Catholic question in reference to England 29 Parliamentary Reform Alien Bill and reversal of Scottish attainders	29

Act for uniformity of weights and measures	32

Reflections on the Alien Act VOL IV	33

The bill is carried and immediately evaded	40

Acts of rioting in various places	46

22	48

The bill is carried by a large majority in both Houses	56

What should have been done with the currency	62

23	63

24	64

25	65

26	66

28	67

Debate on the subject in the House of Commons	68

29	69

31	70

Division on the question and interim admission of foreign grain	79

Page	80

Kings message regarding Portugal	84

How this had come to pass	85

553 Mr Cannings speech on the subject in the House of Commons 8688	86

Vast effect of this speech and the expedition sets out for Lisbon	89

Reflections on this point	90

Improved state of the country in the beginning of 1827	91

Death of the Duke of York	92

5859 His character	93

Illness and retirement of Lord Liverpool	95

Difficulty in the choice of his successor and Mr Cannings appointment	97

What made his Tory colleagues resign?	98

Composition of the new Cabinet	99

Importance of these events on Englands future history	100

Manner in which the changes were received in Parliament	101

Character of Lord Eldon who now retired from public life	102

His character as a statesman	103

The Catholic Bill is rejected	104

7276 Mr Peels speech against Catholic emancipation 105108	105

7778 Ministerial measure on the Corn Laws 108109	108

Result of the debate in the Commons and Lords	110

Important and curious things occurring in the course of the debate	111

Finances of 182618271828	112

Other proceedings in Parliamentsilkweavers shipowners	114

Penryn and East Retford are convicted of bribery Commencement of the Reform question	115

Proud position of Mr Canning	116

His susceptible disposition and increasing illness ib 86 His last illness and death	117

Reflections on this event	118

Had he lived he would have disappointed their expectations	119

Review of his last acts	120

His character as a statesman and orator	121

Lord Goderich made premier and reconstruction of the Cabinet	122

Weakness of the new Cabinet and its cause ib 93 Impolitic reduction of the yeomanry	123

Dissolution of the Goderich Cabinet	124

The Duke of Wellington appointed premier and his Cabinet	125

Reconstruction of the Cabinet by Wellington	127

Notice of the battle of Navarino in the Kings speech	128

Finance Committee and Catholic question	129

Cornlaw Bill	130

Bill for the suppression of small notes	131

Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts	133

104106 Argument for the repeal 134135	134

107108 Answer of Ministers 136138	136

The bill is carried in both Houses	138

Rapid increase of disturbances in Ireland	139

Facilities which the fortyshilling freeholders gave to their designs	140

The Catholic Association gets the complete command of the fortyshilling freeholders	141

Mr OConnell elected for the county of Clare	142

Immense results of this triumph	143

Mr Lawlesss progress to the north	144

Mr Sheils description of Ireland at this period	145

The Catholic Association interferes to moderate the transports	146

Proclamation of Government against the meetings	147

Meeting on Penenden Heath	148

The King in vain urges more vigorous measures against the Catholics	149

Difficulties with which the question was beset ib 123 Commencement of yielding in the Cabinet	151

Mr Dawsons speech at Londonderry	152

Ambiguous letter of the Duke of Wellington and explicit one of the LordLieutenant	154

Difficulties which Ministers had with the King on the subject	156

Kings speech	158

Immense sensation which this speech excited in the country	159

130139 Argument of Mr Peel in favour of the Catholics 160166	160

140146 Answer of the AntiCatholics 167172	171

Page	172

Division on the question and violent resistance to the bill in the country	173

Speech of the Duke of Wellington in the Lords on the subject	174

The bill is carried in the Peers and by a large majority	175

Great reluctance of the King to the bill ib 151 Bill for disfranchising the fortyshilling freeholders	177

Mr OConnells claim for a seat before the bill is rejected	178

The second Clare election	179

His violent language and ingratitude	180

Character of Mr OConnell	181

Explanations of his inconsistencies in the Catholic faith	182

His good qualities	183

Catholic emancipation a victory gained by the highly educated classes over the people	185

Great difference between the results of emancipation and what was pre dicted by all parties	186

Emancipation was a wise and great measure	187

Religious differences unavoidable when religion is thought of at all	188

Unworthy spirit in which emancipation was received by the Roman Catholics	189

How it was that Catholic emancipation failed	190

Its beneficial effects on the English government	191

Emancipation would have equally failed if granted earlier or if it had been more complete	192

Emancipation has brought a righteous retribution to both parties	193

First effect of emancipation in inducing reform	194

Effects of reform in inducing Free Trade	195

Effects of these changes on the population and Catholics of Ireland	196

Beneficial effect of these changes on the United Empire	197

Reaction against Catholicism in Great Britain	198

And in America	199

CHAPTER XXII	200

Great want of representation for the commercial towns	201

The interests of the boroughs now at variance with those of the country ib 4 Effects of the contraction of the currency on the desire for reform	202

Effect of Catholic agitation and its success in stimulating reform	204

Division among the Tories from the effect of the contraction of the currency	205

Catholic emancipation powerfully aided the desire for reform ib 8 Great effect of the entire suppression of small notes in March 1829	207

Motion on the distress of the silkweavers	208

The budget of 1829	209

Statement of Mr Attwood as to the causes of Irish distress and agitation	210

Mr Waithmans exposition of the effect of the monetary system on manu factures	211

Relations with Portugal and refusal of the English Government to inter fere in its concerns	212

The expedition to Terceira	214

And is beat off by the British squadron ib 16 Great distress in Great Britain and Ireland during the whole of 1829	215

Serious riots in many places	216

And in Ireland where the agitation for the repeal of the Union commenced	217

Serious riots between Protestants and Catholics in Ireland	219

Meeting of Parliament	220

2122 Interesting debate on the public distress in the House of Lords 221222	221

2324 Duke of Wellingtons reply 222223	224

Critical and painful position of the Duke of Wellington	225

Reflections on the Dukes explanation	226

Sir James Grahams motion for a reduction of the salaries of public officers	227

Mr Humes motion for a reduction of the army and navy lost	229

Mr Thomsons motion for a revision of the system of taxation	230

Ministers beat on a minor question ib 32 Motion of Mr Attwood on the currency	231

Financial measures and great reductions of Government	233

Taxes remitted on beer leather and cider	234

Great satisfaction at the Budget and its entire failure to relieve the general distress	235

Reflections on the abandonment of the Sinking Fund	238

Which arose from the repeal of so many indirect taxes	239

Which was occasioned by the contraction of the currency	240

Which also produced the cry for Reform	241

Disinclination of the Whigs generally to parliamentary reform	242

Various motions on parliamentary reform made in Parliament during the session of 1830	243

Rise of the political unions and their great influence	245

Illness and death of George IV ib 46 Character of George IV variously given by opposite parties	246

Great events of his reign	247

His remarkable talents ib 49 His failings and vices	248

William IV his character	250

And failings ib 52 His personal character and Queen	251

Precarious condition of Ministers after the accession of William IV	252

Debate on the question of a Regency in the event of the Kings death ib 55 Prosecution of the press and West India Question	253

Prorogation and dissolution of Parliament and French Revolution	254

Result of the elections favourable to the Liberals	255

Distracted state of Ireland and entire failure of emancipation to pacify it	256

Successive efforts of the agitators and their influence on the elections	257

Opening of the Manchester and Liverpool Railway	258

And death of Mr Huskisson	259

Reflections on the railway system and its rapid growth	260

Its vast and lasting monetary effects ib 64 And moral and political effects	261

Its evils and dangers in the undue sway of the capital	263

Its political effects	264

Military results of the railway system ib 69 On the whole it augments the means of defending nations	265

Disturbances and incendiarism in the southern counties	266

Kings speech	267

Lord Greys declaration on reform	268

Duke of Wellingtons famous speech against any reform	269

Immense effect produced by this declaration	270

Mr Broughams plan of reform	271

Postponement of the Kings visit to the City	272

General consternation on the occasion	274

Speech of Mr Brougham on the occasion ib 79 Division on the Civil List leaves Ministers in a minority	275

CHAPTER XXIII	277

23 Causes which rendered the change so decisive	278

What had set these causes in motion	279

What made the Dukes declaration against Reform so important	280

The difficulty in forming the new ministry fixes Mr Broughams claims	281

Character of Earl Grey	282

His character as an orator and in private	283

His defects and errors but noble use of power when acquired	284

He was misled by others as to the effect of the Reform Bill ib 11 Character of Lord Brougham	286

His merits as a Judge ib 13 His character as a statesman	287

His style of oratory	289

his European reputation ib 16 His versatile talents and character	290

His character as a diplomatist and orator	291

His errors	292

Lord John Russell	293

His intrepidity and selfconfidence	294

Leri Melbourne	295

his administrative powers	296

Earl Greys announcement of his principles of government	297

Distracted state of England during the winter	298

Agitation and increased misery in Ireland	299

Agitation for the repeal of the Union and prosecution of Mr OConnell who is allowed to escape	300

The budget which is defeated	302

Description of taxes to be taken off and put on	303

Committee on the Reform Bill	305

Feeling and petitions of the country	306

Introduction of the Reform Bill by Lord John Russell	307

3341 Argument of the Ministers in favour of the bill 308313	308

Ministerial plan of reform	314

4344 Qualification of voters The 10 clause	316

Plan as to Scotland and Ireland	317

Astonishment in the House at the bill	318

4733 Argument against the bill 320325	320

Clear division of Conservatives and Reformers which ensued in the country	326

Second reading of the bill carried by a majority of one	330

General Gascoignes motion is carried against Government by eight	331

Dangers on both sides in ulterior measures	332

Liberal settlement on the Royal Family	333

Efforts made to win the King by his vanity ib 62 Means by which the King was induced to dissolve Parliament	334

How the Kings resistance is overcome	335

Violent scene in the House of Commons	337

Scene in the House of Peers when the King dissolved Parliament ib 66 Violence at the elections	338

Dreadful riots in Scotland	339

Preparations for insurrection by the political unions	342

Universal delusions which prevailed among the people ib 71 Rare examples of resistance to the general cry	343

Kings speech on opening Parliament	345

The Reform Bill is carried by a majority of 136 ib 74 Discussion on particular boroughsAppleby	346

Motion to give members to the colonies negatived without a division	347

Marquess of Chandos motion on 50 tenants carried	349

Bill read a third time and passed	350

7980 Lord Greys speech in the House of Lords 351352	351

Bill thrown out by a majority of fortyone	353

Vote of confidence in the Commons carried by 131 ib 83 Disorders in London and in the country	354

Great meeting of political unions at Birmingham	355

Riots at Derby and Nottingham	356

Commencement of riots at Bristol	357

Frightful disorders	358

Immense destruction of property	359

The riots are at once suppressed when the military are ordered to act ib 90 Good effects of these dreadful scenes	360

Disturbances in other quarters	362

Proclamation against political unions	363

The New Reform Bill introduced	364

Increased democratic character of the new Bill	365

Division on the bill and Sir R Peels speech against it ib 96 Third reading carried in the Commons by 116 and Lord J Russells closing declaration	366

General distress in the country and Mr Hunts motion regarding it	367

Declining state of the public revenue	368

The Duke fails in forming an administration	378

Lord Ebringtons motion in the House of Commons carried by eighty	379

The King submits and gives authority to create Peers	380

The Kings circular to the Opposition Peers to leave the House of Peers	381

Reflections on this event and on the act	382

The bill passes both Houses and receives the royal assent	383

The Scotch and Irish bills passed	384

Vast effects of the reform in Scotland and Ireland	385

General results of the Reform Bill on the Imperial Parliament	386

Reflections on this change in the Constitution of England as affecting our external relations	387

And as affecting our internal and social state	388

Principle of the old constitution	391

Which is proved by the acts of the House of Commons	392

Equal distribution of the public burdens	393

Causes of the difficulties of the representative system	394

What first broke up the old constitution	395

The Reform Bill was an effect in the first instance of the increase of realised wealth	396

And of the fall of prices occasioned by the contraction of the currency	397

How this fall engendered the passion for reform	398

Which explains the universal hostility at the close boroughs	400

And which was only rendered worse by the talent which got in by the close boroughs	401

The new constituencies were some time of discovering their own power	402

Great mistake in the estimate of the effect of the Reform Bill	403

Command of the House of Commons gained by the shopkeepers	404

Errors on both sides during the contest	406

Great and early fault of the Conservatives ib 139 What they should have done	407

Error of the Conservatives in throwing out the Duke of Wellingtons Administration	408

The Duke of Wellingtons declaration against reform	409

Faults of the Liberals first in forcing on reform at all at this time	410

Great error in the uniform representation in the boroughs	411

Mistake of the Whigs as to the influence in the boroughs	412

Which led to the practical disfranchisement of the colonies and shipping interests	413

And they were subjected to the government of adverse interests	414

Prospective abandonment of our colonial empire	416

Which is defended by the Government and Freetraders ib 150 Labour was unrepresented	417

Want of the representation of intelligence and education	418

Dangers arising from this circumstance	419

its danger	420

Vast increase of corruption under the Reform Bill	421

Which evil would not be removed but increased by the ballot and lower ing the suffrage	422

Great fault of the Liberals in the way the Reform Bill was carried	423

Danger of coercing the House of Peers ib 158 Wisdom of the Duke of Wellingtons advice to the majority in the Peers to withdraw	424

Summary of the faults on both sides	425

The producing classes were still the majority in number and value ib 161 The Reform Bill has strengthened Government by enlarging its basis	426

Where the risk now lies	427

Way in which the monied classes had got the command of the pro ducing	428

Enormous sums spent by working classes in Great Britain on drink	429

Is this the result of a general law of nature? ib 166 Great political truth evolved by the Reform Bill	430

Its exemplification in France and England	431

Great law of nature on the subject	432

CHAPTER XXIV	434

The real evils of society are not so certainly removed by these convulsions	435

Prosperity of the bourgeois class ib 4 The interests of the bourgeoisie were adverse to those of labour	436

Effect of the spread of machinery steam and railways	437

Increased strength of the Government	438

Dangers to which this led	439

their chances of success ib 9 The Napoleonists their chances	440

their chances	441

The Duke of Orl�ans remains in retirement	442

Important conversation between the Baron de Glandev�s and Lafitte	443

Arguments for and against the Dukes being called to the crown ib 14 Project of giving the lieutenancygeneral to the Duke of Orl�ans and the crown t...	444

First placards in the Orl�ans interest	445

Situation of the Duke of Orl�ans	446

Interview between M Thiers and the Duchess of Orl�ans ib 18 Irresolute conduct of the Duke of Orl�ans	447

Meetings of the Deputies and Peers	448

Meeting at the Chamber of Peers	449

Reunion of the Republicans at Lointiers	450

Scene at the H�tel de Ville ib 23 Continued indecision at the H�tel de Ville	451

Easy defeat of the Napoleonists	453

Panic of the Orl�anists at Lafittes ib 26 Arrival of the Duke of Orl�ans at Paris and his interview with M de Mortemart	454

The Duke accepts the lieutenancygeneral of the kingdom	455

Guizots proclamation of the principles of the Government	456

Visit of the Duke of Orl�ans to the H�tel de Ville	458

Reflections on this interview	460

Efforts of the Orl�anists to popularise the new dynasty ib 3 Conversation between the Duke of Orl�ans and the Republicans	461

3439 Noble speech of Chateaubriand 462466	462

Chateaubriand refuses the portfolio of foreign affairs	467

Acceptance of the crown by Louis Philippe	468

Speeches on the occasion of his accepting the constitution	469

Changes in the constitution of the Revolution	470

Peers who resigned and Ministers who were appointed	471

Grievous distress in Paris	472

Reception of the Revolution at Lyons Bordeaux and in the provinces	473

Recognition of Louis Philippe by the English Government	474

Manner in which he is received by the Continental sovereigns	475

His recognition by the cabinet of Vienna	477

opposite views of it	478

Explanation of its seeming contradictions	479

Features good and bad of his character ib 54 Vicissitudes of his life and impress they had affixed to his character	480

Extreme difficulties with which he had to contend	481

Dissensions in the Council and violence of the National Guard deputa tion	482

Suspicious death and testament of the Duke de Bourbon	483

Injurious reports spread abroad by the bequest of the Dukes property to the Duke dAumale	484

Attitude of M de Lafayette and its dangers	485

Disturbances in Paris	486

First legislative measures of the new Government ib 62 Discussion on the Electoral Law	487

Proceedings against the popular societies ib 65 Speech of the Minister of the Interior on the subject	488

Attempt to revolutionise Spain from Paris	489

Which is secretly favoured by Louis Philippe and his Ministers	490

The enterprise is undertaken and fails ib 6 State of Belgium and its dispositions	492

Causes of discord among the inhabitants	493

Revolutionary party in Belgium and its great increase by the events in Paris in July	494

Commencement of the revolution	495

Progress of the insurrection ib 74 Negotiations of the insurgents with the King	496

Demands of the leaders of the revolution	497

Speech of the King on opening the Chambers	498

The army is directed by the King and Chambers on Brussels	499

Prince Frederick attacks Brussels	500

The Dutch troops are in the end defeated and retire to Antwerp	501

The insurrection extends generally and the separation of Belgium and Holland is pronounced by the Chamber	502

State of political feeling in Germany	503

Disturbances in AixlaChapelle and Cologne	504

Convulsions in all the north of Germany	505

In Dresden Leipsic and Brunswick ib 85 And in Brunswick	506

Political contests in Switzerland	507

Convulsions in Italy	508

Change in the order of succession in Spain	509

Its motives and political objects	510

Promulgation of the decree	511

Resum� of the influence of the Revolution in France over Europe	512

CHAPTER XXV	513

Cabinet divisions and fall of the Ministry	514

Commencement of the trial of the late Ministers	515

Conduct of the accused before the trial	516

Disturbed state of Paris before this	517

Commencement of the trial	518

Dissolution of the Administration	519

Formation of M Lafittes ministry	521

Lafittes statement of the principles of his ministry	522

Progress of the trial of the exministers	523

Arguments of M Sauzet for the accused ib 12 Condemnation and punishment of the accused	524

The accused are safely conveyed to Vincennes and thence to Ham	525

Disaffection of the National Guard and the misery of the capital	526

Demands of Lafayette	528

Changes in the Cabinet	529

Favourable accounts from Algiers	530

Great additional expenditure for the army and its forces	531

Competition for the crown of Belgium and its final separation from Hol land	532

Crown of Belgium offered to Duke de Nemours	533

Protocol Jan 20 1831 fixing limits of Holland and Belgium	534

Views in London and Paris on Louis Philippes refusal	535

Weak and distracted state of Belgium ib 25 Perilous state of Italy	536

Insurrections in Bologna Modena Reggio and Parma	537

Intervention of Austria in Italy	539

Entry of the Austrians into Bologna and suppression of the insurrection	540

Affairs of Germany and precautionary measures there ib 30 Defensive measures in Austria	542

State of feeling in Prussia	543

Great fermentation in the lesser states of Germany	544

Troubles in Saxony and HesseCassel	545

Insurrection in Hanover	546

Violence of parties and misery in Paris	547

Alarming budget of 1831 and its effects	548

Universal indignation it excited	549

Deplorable situation of commerce and credit	550

General indignation of the democrats	551

Extravagant ideas generally afloat in society at this time ib 41 State of corruption into which the system of centralisation had sunk France	553

Moral statistics of Paris at this period	554

Tumult in the Church of St Germain lAuxerrois ib 44 Sack of the church	555

Sack of Archbishops palace at N�tre Dame	556

Attacks on individuals and deplorable weakness of Government	557

Fall of Lafitte and appointment of Casimir P�rier in his stead	558

View of parties on this change of Ministry	559

Change in the Electoral Law	560

Proscription of the elder branch of the Bourbons	561

Violent opposition of the liberal journals to Casimir P�rier and formation of the National Association	562

Casimir P�riers speech on the principles of his government ib 53 Continued in reference to foreign affairs	563

Louis Philippes efforts to conciliate the electors	564

Disturbances in Paris	565

The Kings progresses into Normandy and Champagne	566

Unfavourable issue of the elections for the Crown	567

Kings speech	568

Defeat of the Government on the choice of President and VicePresident	569

Affairs of Holland and Flanders	570

What the London congress should have done	571

Views of Talleyrand and Lord Palmerston ib 63 Reasons which led them to support the Belgians	572

Leopold of SaxeCobourg elected King of Belgium	573

Change which this election made on the views of Holland and Belgium ib 66 Change in the policy of Great Britain regarding Belgium	574

Change in the language of England and France regarding Luxembourg	575

Progress of the negotiation and secret treaty of France and England	576

The five powers deviate from the Act of Separation and the King of Hol land declares war	577

Commencement of hostilities and position and forces on the two sides	578

Total defeat of the Belgians	579

Intervention of the French army in Flanders	580

Armistice and withdrawal of the French troops	581

Renewed conferences and reasons which made the northern powers acquiesce in them	582

Great advantages gained by Holland by this irruption ib 76 Forcible intervention of the French at Lisbon	584

The French compel the submission of the Portuguese government ib 78 Vehement excitement in Paris from these events	585

7981 Argument of the Opposition on foreign affairs 586588	586

8284 Answer of Ministers 589590	588

Violent scene in the Chamber on the debate on Poland	591

Vehement excitement in Paris on the fall of Warsaw	592

Bloody law against the Bourbons	593

Speech of M Pag�s against the law	594

Striking speech of M de Martignac which causes the rejection of the clause	595

Question of the abolition of the hereditary peerage	596

9195 Argument for the abolition 597600	597

96100 Answer of the defenders of the peerage 601605	601

The Lower House pass the bill by a great majority	606

Creation of peers to force it through the Upper House where it passes ib 103 Reflections on this event	607

Previous degradation of the hereditary peerage	608

Experience of Great Britain in regard to a hereditary peerage	609

Reason of the superiority in general of the aristocracy as statesmen	611

Increased vigour and capacity this gives to the higher branches of the aristocracy	612

CHAPTER XXVI	614

Causes of this perpetual strife	615

Opposite sources of their strength and weakness	616

Disastrous effects of the conquest of the Byzantine Empire by the Turks and of the partition of Poland	617

Sin of Europe in the partition of Poland	618

Vast increase of the power of Russia from the partition of Poland	619

Faults of the Poles which led to their subjugation ib 8 It was the impatience of taxation which ruined Poland 620	620

Prosperity of Poland under the Russian rule from 1815 to 1830 623	623

This prosperity increased the passion for independence 12 Secret societies in Poland	626

Different plans of the conspirators ib 14 Original plan which proved abortive 627	627

Supineness of Constantine and progress of the conspiracy 16 Insurrection of 29th November at Warsaw	629

Rapid progress of the insurrection and retreat of Constantine from Warsaw	630

Appointment of a provisional government	631

First act of the new government and negotiation with Constantine	632

Constantine sends back the Polish troops and retreats into Russia	633

Enthusiasm on the arrival of the Polish troops in Warsaw	634

Chlopicki seizes the dictatorship	635

his biography and character	636

Great Britain declines to join France in interfering in favour of Poland	642

9 Chlopickis vain efforts to bring about an accommodation	650

Military forces on the opposite sides	656

Results of these battles	662

Skrzyneckis plan of operations	668

Victory of the Poles at Iganie	674

Expedition of Chrzanowski into Volhynia and its defeat	680

Death of Diebitch and the Grandduke Constantine	685

Suspension of hostilities of the two armies and appointment of Paskiewitch to the command	686

Insurrection in Lithuania and final defeat of Gielgud ib 80 Battle of Wilna and defeat of the Poles	688

Desperate state of the Poles and plan of Paskiewitch	689

Paskiewitchs plans and forces and preparations of the Poles	690

Paskiewitch crosses the Vistula	691

Fall of Skrzynecki who is succeeded by Dembinski	692

Massacres in Warsaw	693

Preparations and forces on both sides for the final struggle	694

Victory of Ramorino over Rosen and Golowin	695

Assault of Warsaw ib 89 Vain attempt at negotiation	697

Fall of Warsaw ib 91 The remainder of the Polish troops take refuge in Austria and Prussia	698

Results of the war to both parties	699

Conduct of Nicholas in Poland after the war and in the cholera	700

Reflections on the fall of Poland	701

tion of Poland	702

Unity of the East is its strength divisions of the West its weakness	703

Restoration of Poland essential to independence of Europe	704

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Common terms and phrases

agitation aristocracy Bank of England Britain British Brougham brought Cabinet carried Catholic emancipation cause Chancellor CHAP character circulation classes close boroughs consequence constitution currency debate debt declared disfranchise distress Duke of Wellington Earl Grey effect election empire English entirely evil excited existing favour feelings Government House of Commons House of Lords House of Peers Huskisson increase industry influence interests Ireland Irish King land leaders Legislature Liberal Lord Eldon Lord John Lord John Russell Lord Palmerston Majesty majority manufacturing measure ment Ministers motion nation necessity never numbers O'Connell object occasion opinion opposition Parl Parlia Parliament parliamentary party passed Peel Peers persons political produce proposed prosperity question reduction Reform Bill Relief Bill repeal Revolution Roebuck Sir James Graham small notes Sovereign speech suffering taxes throne tion took Tories towns violent vote Whigs whole XXII XXIII

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Appears in 561 books from 1775-2008

Page 87 - I dread it, indeed — but upon far other grounds: I dread it from an apprehension of the tremendous consequences which might arise from any hostilities in which we might now be engaged. Some years ago, in the discussion of the negotiations respecting the French war against Spain, I took the liberty of adverting to this topic.

Appears in 43 books from 1826-1988

Page 133 - Corporations, or having accepted any office, civil or military, or any place of trust under the Crown, to receive the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper according to the Rites of the Church of England.

Appears in 131 books from 1704-2006

Page 267 - Statesgeneral should have led to no satisfactory result. I am endeavouring, in concert with my Allies, to devise such means of restoring tranquillity as may be compatible with the welfare and good government of the Netherlands, and with the future security of other states.

Appears in 50 books from 1830-2006

Page 380 - The King grants permission to Earl Grey, and to his Chancellor, Lord Brougham, to create such a number of peers as will be sufficient to ensure the passing of the Reform Bill, first calling peers' eldest sons. — Signed, WILLIAM R., Windsor, May 17, 1832.

Appears in 95 books from 1844-2006

Page 91 - I CALLED THE NEW WORLD INTO EXISTENCE TO REDRESS THE BALANCE OF THE OLD.

Appears in 27 books from 1846-2006

Page 309 - Parliament in 1265 two knights from each county, two citizens from each city, and two burgesses from each borough. To...

Appears in 52 books from 1812-2006

Page 128 - ... Notwithstanding the valour displayed by the combined fleet, His Majesty deeply laments that this conflict should have occurred with the naval force of an ancient ally ; but he still entertains a confident hope that this untoward event will not be followed by further hostilities, and will not impede that amicable adjustment of the existing differences between the Porte and the Greeks, to which it is so manifestly their common interest to accede.

Appears in 37 books from 1828-2007

Bibliographic information

Title	History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Volume 4 History of Europe from the Fall of Napoleon in 1815 to the Accession of Louis Napoleon in 1852, Archibald Alison
Author	Archibald Alison
Publisher	W. Blackwood, 1855
Original from	Harvard University
Digitized	30 Aug 2007

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