Solar Variability and Planetary ClimatesY. Calisesi, R.-M. Bonnet, L. Gray, J. Langen, M. Lockwood 2 With a global average irradiance of 342 W/m , the Sun is by far the largest source of energy for planet Earth. In comparison, the internal energy produced by Earth 2 itself is only about 0. 087 W/m (Pollack et al. , 1993), which in turn is 3. 5 times 2 larger than the 0. 025 W/m of heat produced by the burning of fossil fuels. About 31% (31 units) of the solar energy which arrives at the top of the - mosphere is re?ected back to space by scattering from clouds, aerosols, and the Earth’s surface. Almost 20 units of solar radiation are absorbed in the atmosphere. The remaining 49 units are absorbed at the surface. Evaporation of water at the Earth’s surface consumes 23 units, and 7 units are transferred to the atmosphere by heat conduction. On balance 19 units are lost from the Earth’s surface as infrared radiation, however consisting of 114 going upward and 95 returning from the - mosphere to the Earth’s surface (see also Rosenfeld, 2006). There is thus a sixfold recycling of energy. This is the greenhouse effect, established by the presence of watervaporandofothergreenhousegases,CO ,CH ,N O,andCFCs,intheatmo- 2 4 2 sphere. Due to human activities the latter have been increasing in the atmosphere, 2 causing climate warming through an energy imbalance of 2. 5–3 W/m , more than 100 times larger than the heat released into the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels. |
Contents
4 | |
8 | |
SOLAR OUTPUT VARIABILITY | 25 |
Revision of | 52 |
J BEER M VONMOOS and R MUSCHELER Solar Variability Over | 67 |
B HEBER H FICHTNER and K SCHERER Solar and Heliospheric | 80 |
LOCKWOOD What do Cosmogenic Isotopes Tell us About Past Solar | 95 |
A OHMURA Observed LongTerm Variations of Solar Irradiance at | 110 |
H GOOSSE and H RENSSEN Regional Response of the Climate System | 227 |
K LABITZKE Solar Variation and Stratospheric Response 247260 | 247 |
Y CALISESI and K MATTHES The Middle Atmospheric Ozone | 273 |
S BRONNIMANN T EWEN T GRIESSER and R JENNE Multi | 304 |
K KODERA The Role of Dynamics in Solar Forcing 319330 | 319 |
H SCHMIDT and G P BRASSEUR The Response of the Middle Atmo | 345 |
RECENT SPACE DATA | 371 |
H JACKMAN M T DELAND G J LABOW E L FLEMING | 380 |
U LOHMANN Aerosol Effects on Clouds and Climate 129137 | 129 |
ROSENFELD AerosolCloud Interactions Control of Earth Radiation | 148 |
F ARNOLD Atmospheric Aerosol and Cloud Condensation Nuclei | 168 |
CRUCIFIX M F LOUTRE and A BERGER The Climate Response | 212 |
E HILSENRATH M R SCHOEBERL A R DOUGLASS P | 417 |
PLANETARY SCIENCE | 431 |
F W TAYLOR Climate Variability on Venus and Titan 445455 | 445 |
Other editions - View all
Solar Variability and Planetary Climates Y. Calisesi,R.-M. Bonnet,L. Gray,J. Langen,M. Lockwood No preview available - 2007 |
Solar Variability and Planetary Climates Y. Calisesi,R.-M. Bonnet,L. Gray,J. Langen,M. Lockwood No preview available - 2010 |
Common terms and phrases
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