526. A few adverbs are sometimes used as adjuncts of nouns and pronouns; as, "I only [that is, I, and no one else] am escaped alone to tell thee."—"The women also were present," that is, the women as well as the others-in addition to the others.

The adverbs used in this way are such as the following: Chiefly, particularly, especially, entirely, altogether, solely, only, merely, partly, also, likewise, too, &c.

527. An adjunct, without the word to which it belongs, is called an adverbial phrase; as, in short, in vain, in general, at most, at least, at all, on high.

CLASSIFICATION OF ADVERBS.

528. Adverbs have been divided into various classes, according to their signification. The chief of these are the following:

1. Adverbs of Manner; as, justly, bravely, softly, &c.
2. Of Place; as, here, there, where-hither, thence, &c.
3. Of Time; as, now, then, when, soon, often, never, &c.
4. Of Direction; as, upward, downward, forward, &c.
5. Of Affirmation; as, yes, verily, certainly, doubtless, &c.
6. Of Negation; as, nay, no, not, nowise, &c.

7. Of Interrogation; as, how? why? when? where? whither? &c. 8. Of Comparison; as, more, most, less, as, so, thus, &c.

9. Of Quantity; as, much, some, little, enough, sufficiently, &c. 10. Of Order; as, first, secondly, thirdly, next, &c.

529. There, commonly used as an adverb of place, is often used as an introductory expletive to the verbs to be, to come, to appear, and some others, when the subject, in declaratory sentences, follows the verb; as, "There is no doubt of the fact"-"There came to the beach a poor exile of Erin"-" There appears to be a mistake somewhere." Sometimes, when the subject goes before, it is placed between the subject and the verb; as, "A mistake there is." In all such cases, there is a mere expletive. It adds nothing to the sense, but still it enables to vary the form of expression, and to soften the abruptness which would otherwise exist. This will appear by omitting it in any of the above examples.

Then does not always refer to time, but it is used to indicate a certain circumstance, or a case supposed; as, "If you will go, then, [that is, in that case] say so." Now is sometimes used without reference to time, merely to indicate the transi tion from one sentence to another; as, "Not this man, but Barabbas. Now Bar abbas was a robber."

530. The words, to-day, to-night, to-morrow, yesterday, used as adjuncts, may be called adverbs of time, or they may be regarded as nouns in the objective case, without the governing word (828).

531. In comparisons, as and so, in the antecedent clause, are usually reckoned

aaverbs, because they modify an adjective or another adverb. The corresponding as and so, sometimes called conjunctions, are properly adverbs also, because resolvable into an adjunct (524); thus, "It is as high as heaven," that is, It is high in the degree in which heaven is high.-" So far as I know," that is, far to the extent to which I know.

532. So is often used as the representative of a preceding word, phrase, or sentence, in order to prevent its repetition; as, "To make men happy, and to keep them so"-" France is highly cultivated-England more so"-"James is in good health, John is not so"-" I believed that you would succeed, and I told you so."

533. Therefore, wherefore, also, sometimes called conjunctions, are more propcrly adverbs, because used for the adjuncts, for this reason, for which reason, in addition (524).

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

534. A Conjunctive Adverb is one that stands for two adjuncts, one of which contains a relative pronoun, and the other, its antecedent; thus, “I will see you when you come." Here, when is equivalent to, at the time at which; the first part, "at the time," modifies "will see," and the second, "at which," modifies "come." Again, "I know not how it is done." Here how is equivalent to the manner in which. The first part, "the manner," is the object of " know," and the second, “in which,” is the adjunct of "is done." In a similar way, where may be resolved into, the place in which; whither, into, the place to which, &c.

These adverbs perform a double office; they modify two different words, and connect the clauses to which they belong. They are, when, where, while, whither, whence. They are also used interrogatively, both directly and indirectly. Thus used, they are not conjunctive; as, "When [that is, at what time] will you come?" -"Thou knowest not whence [from what place] it cometh, and whither [to what place] it goeth."

FORMATION AND DERIVATION OF ADVERBS.

535. Adverbs are formed and derived from other words in various ways:1. A few adverbs are primitive, or derived from no other words in the language, as, yes, no, not, here, there now, then, &c.

2. Many adverbs of quality or manner, are derived from adjectives by adding ly; as diligent, diligently; happy, happily (57): or by changing le into ly; as, able, ably; simple, simply. But adverbs are seldom formed from adjectives in ly, the adjunct being used in preference. Thus, we would not say, " He acted manlily," but, "in a manly manner," or, "like a man." Still we have holily, wilily, and some others.

3. Many compound adverbs are formed by combining words together, so as of two or more words forming an adjunct, to make one compound term; as, indeed, hereby, thereby, wherewith, therefore, wheresoever, nevertheless, &c.

4. Some nouns and other words are converted into adverbs by prefixing a, sig. nifying, at, in, on, &c.; as, abed, ashore. aloft, ahead, astern, aground, apart, adrift, afresh, alike, aslcep, &c.

5*

5. Many words are used sometimes as adverbs, and sometimes as other parts of speech; thus

Much is used-1. As an adverb; as, "He is much better."

2. As an adjective; as, “In much wisdom is much grief."
3. As a noun; as, "Where much is given, much is required"

Yesterday is used-1. As an adverb: as, " He came yesterday" (530).
2. As a noun; as, "Yesterday is past."

But is used-1. As an adverb; as, "Give but one kind word."
2. As a preposition; as, "None but the brave."

3. As a conjunction; as, "He is poor, but honest."

What is used-1. As an interrogative; as, "What is that?"

2. As a relative; as, "We speak what we know."

3. As an adverb; as, "What [partly] with one thing, and what [partly] with another, we had enough to do."

6. Circumstances of time, place, manner, &c., are often expressed by two or more words constituting an adverbial phrase (527 and 530); as, at length, not at all, by no means, in vain, in order, long ago, by-and-by, all over, to and fro, for ever, &c. Such phrases may be taken together as one word, and parsed as an adverb, or separately, as other words, where it can be done, supplying the ellipsis when necessary.

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

536. Adverbs of quality, derived from adjectives, and a few others, admit of comparison like adjectives; as, nobly, more nobly, most nobly; soon, sooner, soonest.

The following are compared irregularly; as

Comp.

Sup.

537. An adverb is parsed by stating what part of speech,

-the class to which it belongs-the word which it modifies its derivation and comparison, if derived and compared. Thus :

"He speaks fluently."-Fluently, an adverb of manner, and modifies" speaks ;" derived from fluent, and compared more fluently, 'nost fluently.

PRELIMINARY ORAL EXERCISE.

When we say, "John runs rapidly," what part of speech is John? What is runs (314)? What is the use of the word rapidly in that sentence? What part of speech are those words which express the manner of doing a thing (528-1)? What part of speech, then, is rapidly? Why? Can you think of any other

words that might be used to express the manner in which “John runs” ?—“ Swiftly, slowly, well, ill." What part of speech are these words? Suppose you say, "John ran yesterday”—“John runs now"-" John will run soon"—what is the use of the words yesterday, now, soon? What are words called which express a circumstance of time (528-3)? Then what part of speech are yesterday, now, soon? Why?

What other words besides the verb do adverbs modify (523)? When we say, "John is a very good boy," what word modifies good? What part of speech is good? Why? Then what part of speech is very? Why?

If I say, "John reads exceedingly well," what word modifies reads? Ans. Well. Then what part of speech is well? Why? What word tells us how well he reads? What word does exceedingly modify? Then what part of speech is it? Why?

EXERCISES.

1. Tell to what class the following adverbs belong-whether primitive or deriva tive-if not primitive, how they are formed-compare, if compared: :

Justly, wisely, happily, beautifully, fashionably, sufficiently, thirdly, nearly, almost, perfectly.

Here, there, anywhere, hither, thither, yes, no, thence, somewhere-now, then, to-day, hereafter.

2. Form sentences, each of which shall contain one of the preceding adverbs. Parse as directed (537).

EXERCISES ON ADVERBS, IRREGULAR VERBS, ETC. Parse the following exercises as in "General Exercises," p. 103, and (537):Peter wept bitterly. He is here now. She went away yesterday. They came to-day. They will perhaps buy some to-morrow. Ye shall know hereafter. She sung sweetly. Great men are not always wise. Mary rose up hastily. They that have enough may soundly sleep. Cain wickedly slew his brother. I saw him long ago. He is a very good man. Sooner or later all must die. You read too little. They talk too much. James acted wisely. How many lines can you repeat? You ran hastily. He speaks fluently. Then were they glad. He fell fast asleep. She should not hold her head still. The ship was driven ashore. No, indeed. They are all alike. Let him that is athirst drink freely. The oftener you read with attention, the more you will improve. Will you be at home James will sit here, while you stand there. we know not whence he is.

when I come?

As for this man,

PREPOSITIONS.

538. A PREPOSITION is a word which shows the rela tion between a noun or pronoun following it, and some other word in the sentence; as, "The love of money.""Come To me."

539. Of the words related, that before the preposition is called the antecedent term of the relation, and that which follows it is called the subsequent term. This, being governed by the preposition, is also called its regimen.

;

540. Instead of a noun or pronoun, a preposition may be followed by an infinitive mood, or clause of a sentence, used as a substantive as, "We are about to depart."'—“ Honored for having done his duty.” -"The crime of being a young man.”

541. The preposition and its regimen united are called the adjunct of the antecedent term; and the antecedent term, as related to its adjunct, may be called the principal. It is usually a noun, or pronoun, an adjective, a verb, or an adverb; as, "The waters of Jordan."-"He with the book in his hand."-"It is good for me."-"Pray for us."-" He acts consistently with his principles."

542. The same word not unfrequently has several adjuncts; as, "He WENT from Boston, by railroad, to New York, in eight hours." Also the noun or pronoun in the adjunct may be limited by one or more adjuncts-the whole forming a compound adjunct; as, "It is CONSISTENT with the character of a man of honor." Here, "of honor" is the adjunct of man; "of a man of honor" is a compound ad junct of character; and the whole, "with the character of a man of honor," is a compound adjunct of consistent.

543. The preposition is so called because it is usually placed before its regimen, as in the above examples. Sometimes, however, the sentence may be so inverted that the preposition follows its regimen immediately, or at some distance; as, "Where echo walks the steep hills among."-"Whom did he speak to?"

544. In the natural order of a sentence, the adjunct follows its principal; as, "Ho withdrew after supper." It is often convenient, however, to arrange the adjunct first; as, "After supper, he withdrew with his friend who had called for him." Here the same sense can not be given by placing the adjunct, "after supper," anywhere else in the sentence.