810. RULE 5.--Verbs signifying to NAME, CHOOSE, APPOINT, CONSTITUTE, and the like, generally govern two objectives, viz., the DIRECT, denoting the person or thing acted upon, and the INDIRECT, denoting the result of the act expressed; as, "They named him John."—"The people elected him president.”— They made it a book."

66

811. In such sentences, in the passive voice, the direct object is made the subject, and the indirect remains as the predicate nominative after the verb, according to Rule IX. Thus, " He was named John."—" He was elected president.”—“It was made a book."

812. Besides the immediate object in the objective case, some verbs have a remote object between the immediate and the verb, governed by a preposition understood; as, "John gave ME a book." But when the remote object comes last, the preposition must be expressed: as, “John gave a book to ME." The verbs thus used are such as signify to ask, teach, offer, promise, give, pay, tell, allow, deny, and some others.

813. These verbs properly take the immediate object of the active voice as the subject in the passive, and the remote remains in the objective after the passive, governed by a preposition, expressed or understood; as, "A book was promised me or to me."

814. In loose composition, however, the remote object is sometimes made the subject, and the immediate remains in the objective case after the passive voice; as, "I was promised a book." The verbs ask and teach frequently have this double construction in the passive, but in general the regular construction is better.

POSITION.

815. As the nominative and the objective case of nouns are alike, the arrangement of the sentence should clearly distinguish the one case from the other. The nominative generally precedes the verb, and the objective follows it. Thus, "Brutus killed Cæsar." If one (or both) of these should be a pronoun, the order may be varied without obscuring the sense, and sometimes the objective is rendered more emphatic by being placed first; as, "Him he slew."

816. When the objective is a relative or interrogative pronoun, it precedes both the verb and its nominative; as, "The man whom we saw is dead.”—“ Whom did you send?"

817. The objective should not, if possible, be separated from its verb by intervening clauses. Thus, "We could not discover, for the want of proper tests, the quality of the metal." Better, "We could not, for want of proper tests, discover the quality of the metal."

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

In the following sentences, correct the errors according to the rule, and give a reason for the change. Parse the sentences corrected. Thus, I should be me because governed by lovcs. Rule. "A transitive verb," &c. :

(801) He loves I. He and they we know, but who art thou? She that is idle and mischievous, reprove sharply. Ye only have I known. He who committed the offence thou shouldst correct, not I who am innocent. They that honor me I will honor. Who do you She who we met at

think I saw yesterday? Who did he marry? the Springs last summer. Who, having not seen, we love. Who should I meet the other day but my old friend? Who dost thou take to be such a coward?

(803) You will have reason enough to repent you of your foolish conduct. They did not fail to enlarge themselves on the subject. Go, flee thee away into the land of Judea. Hasten thee home. Sit thee down and rest thee.

(807) Several persons were entered into a conspiracy. Fifty men are deserted from the army. I am purposed that I will not sin. He is almost perished with cold. I am resolved to go. He is retired to his room. The plague was then entirely ceased. returned? He was not returned an hour ago.

Is your father

(809) No country will allow of such a practice. False accusation can not diminish from his real merit. His servants ye are, to whom ye obey. He ingratiates with some by traducing others. They shall not want for encouragement. We do not want for anything. Covet earnestly for the best gifts.

Change the following into the regular form, and give a reason for the change:(813) I was promised a pension. He was offered a pardon. She would not accept the situation, though she was offered it. I was paid a dollar for my services. I was given a book of great value. The commissioner was denied access.

(817) Becket could not better discover, than by attacking so powerful an interest, his resolution to maintain his right. The troops pursued, without waiting to rest, the enemy to their gates.

THE OBJECTIVE GOVERNED BY PREPOSITIONS.

818. RULE XI.—A preposition governs the objective cuse; as, "To whom much is given, of him much shall be required."

819. The object of a preposition is sometimes an infinitive mood-a participle used as a noun-part of a sentence-a phrase, or dependent clause, as well as a noun or pronoun; as, "He is ABOUT to depart."—" AFTER we came."-" ON receiving his diploma."-" Much depends on who are his advisers."

820. As a general rule, it is considered inelegant to connect either an active transitive verb and a preposition, or two prepositions with the same object. Thus, " wrote to and warned him." Better, "I wrote to him, and warned him." So,“ Of him, and through him, and to him, are all things." Not of, and through, and to him, &c. 821. This general rule is so little regarded, even by the best writers, that it is a matter of doubt whether it should any longer retain a place in our grammars. In many instances, at least, the form of speech condemned by the rule is clearly better in respect of perspicuity, brevity, and strength, than that which it recommends, and in such cases it should be adopted. In some cases, again, as in the above example, the full form is better than the elliptical. In this matter, every one must be guided by his taste and judgment, avoiding equally obscurity and harshness.

822. When the prepositions to, at, in, stand before names of places, the following usage should be carefully observed, viz.:—

1. To-is used after a verb of motion toward; as, "He went to Spain." But it is omitted before home; as, "Go home."

2. At-is used before names of houses, villages, towns, and foreign cities; as, "He resides at the Mansion House"-" At Saratoga Springs"-“ At Lisbon."

3. In-is used before names of countries and large cities; as, "He lives in Eng

land"-" In London"-"In New York." But at is used before the names of places and large cities after the verbs touch, arrive, land, and frequently after the verb to be; as, "We touched at Liverpool, and, after a short passage, landed at New Orleans."-"I was at New York."

4. In speaking of one's residence in a city, at is used before the No., and in before the street; as, "He resides at No. ."-" He lives in State street." When both are mentioned together, the preposition is commonly understood before the last; as, "He lives at No. State street," or "He lives in State street, No.

-."

823. The preposition is frequently understood, as follows:1. A preposition expressed with the first noun or pronoun of a scries, may be understood to the rest; as "Be kind to John and James and Mary." 2. When the remote object of a verb, governed by a preposition, is placed between the verb and its immediate object, the preposition is often omitted; as, "Give me your hand."-" Bring me a chair."—" Get me a book" (812). 3. To is commonly omitted after like, near, nigh; as, “Like his father"—" Near a river," &c.; and of frequently after worthy and unworthy.

824. Sometimes the antecedent term of a preposition, and sometimes the subse quent (539), is omitted. Thus, the antecedent: "[I say] in a word.”—“ All shall know me [reckoning] from the least to the greatest." The subsequent: "There is a man I am acquainted with"-that is, with whom I am acquainted. The subsequent is always omitted when it is the antecedent to a compound relative (273); as, "Give it to whoever will take it."

825. The phrases, in vain, in secret, at first, at last, in short, on high, and the like, may either be parsed together as adverbs, or the noun may be supplied, and each word parsed separately; as, “In a vain manner"—"In a secret place," &c. The phrase, in a word, has the preceding term of relation understood; as, "[To say] in a word."

826. Adverbs representing adverbial phrases, ending with a preposition, govern

a noun following, in the objective; as, "Maugre hell," that is, “in spite of hell.”— Müton.

827. Though words denoting weight, measure, &c., are evidently governed by a preposition, yet, as it is for the most part understood, it is better to dispose of such cases by the following

SPECIAL RULE.

828. RULE.-Nouns denoting TIME, VALUE, WEIGHT, or MEASURE, are commonly put in the objective case, without a governing word; as

"He was absent six months last year."- "It cost a shilling.""It is not worth a cent."—" It weighs a pound.""-" The wall is six feet high, and two feet thick."

This

may be.

may be called the objective of time, value, &c., as the case

829. Nouns denoting time how long are generally without a preposition; as, “He is ten years old." Also nouns denoting time when, in a general or indefinite way; as, "He came last week." But nouns denoting the time when, definitely or with precision, generally have the preposition expressed; as, "He came last week, on Wednesday, in the evening."

POSITION.

830. Prepositions should be placed before the words which they govern, and as near to them as possible; but never before that as a relative.

831. Whom and which are sometimes governed by a preposition at some distance after them; this, however, should be avoided as much as possible. Thus, That is the man whom I gave the letter to." Generally better thus" to whom I gave the letter."

832. The preposition with its regimen should be placed as near as possible to the word to which it is related.

833. Under this rule there is liability to error only in the case of pronouns and position.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED.

In the following sentences, point out the preposition, and the word governed by it. Correct the errors, and give a reason for the change. Parse the sentences when corrected :

That is a small matter James and I.

(818) To who will you give that pen? between you and I. He came along with He gave the book to some one, I know not who.-(831) Who does it belong to? The book which I read that story in is lost.

(322) I have been to Boston. They live in Saratoga Springs We touched in Liverpool on our way for New York. He has been

We

to home for some days. He lives at Hudson street, in No. 42. remained in a village in the vicinity of London. (823) Be so good as lend to me your grammar. Get to him a book like that. Ask of me that question again. This has taught to me a lesson which I will always be mindful of. Pay to me what you owe to me. I shall be pleased to do to him a kindness. Will you do to me a favor?

(830) The nature of the undertaking was such as to render the progress very slow of the work. Beyond this period the arts can not be traced of civil society.

The wrong position of the preposition and its regimen often produces very ludicrous sentences. The following are a specimen :

:

Wanted a young man to take care of some horses, of a religious turn of mind. The following verses were written by a young man who has long lain in the grave, for his own amusement. A public dinner was given to the inhabitants, of roast beef and plum-pudding. I saw that the kettle had been scoured, with half an eye. He rode to town, and drove twelve cows, on horseback. The man was digging a well, with a Roman nose.

834. RULE XII.-Certain words and phrases should be followed by appropriate prepositions.