Seabed Fluid Flow: The Impact on Geology, Biology and the Marine EnvironmentSeabed fluid flow involves the flow of gases and liquids through the seabed. Such fluids have been found to leak through the seabed into the marine environment in seas and oceans around the world - from the coasts to deep ocean trenches. This geological phenomenon has widespread implications for the sub-seabed, seabed, and marine environments. Seabed fluid flow affects seabed morphology, mineralization, and benthic ecology. Natural fluid emissions also have a significant impact on the composition of the oceans and atmosphere; and gas hydrates and hydrothermal minerals are potential future resources. This book describes seabed fluid flow features and processes, and demonstrates their importance to human activities and natural environments. It is targeted at research scientists and professionals with interests in the marine environment. Colour versions of many of the illustrations, and additional material - most notably feature location maps - can be found at www.cambridge.org/9780521819503. |
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acoustic turbidity activity aragonite associated bacterial mats Basin Beggiatoa beneath bivalves blowout carbon chemosynthetic chimneys clay cold seeps cold-seep continental craters crust Dando deep deep-water density deposits described diameter diapirs drilling earthquake escape evidence example faults fauna Figure flux formation formed gas bubbles gas hydrates gas seeps gases gassy geological groundwater Gulf of Mexico Hovland and Judd hydrocarbons hydrothermal vents indicate isotope layer located marine MDAC methane concentrations methanotrophic microbial minerals mounds mud diapirs mud volcanoes normal North Sea Norwegian Trench occur ocean offshore organic overpressure petroleum plumes pockmarks pore fluid pore water present pressure reefs reported reservoir result Ridge rocks samples sand sea surface seabed fluid flow seabed sediments seamounts seawater Section sedi sedimentary sediments seepage shallow gas shelf siboglinid side-scan sonar slope spreading centres subduction submarine suggested sulphide survey temperature thermogenic tion vertical water column water depth zone
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Page 1 - Discovery commences with the awareness of anomaly, ie, with the recognition that nature has somehow violated the paradigm-induced expectations that govern normal science. It then continues with a more or less extended exploration of the area of anomaly. And it closes only when the paradigm theory has been adjusted so that the anomalous has become the expected.