Glass, Volume 22

acid addition adsorption alkali alkoxide analysis applied atoms band Bartholomew bond bulk calculated cause Ceram Chem chemical clusters coefficient components composition concentration constant contraction crack crystals curve decrease dependence depth determination developed discussed distribution Doremus effect energy equation et al example expansion experimental failure fatigue fibers formation formed fracture function geometry give given glass surfaces groups heating higher hydrated hydrolysis hydrosilicate important increase influence ions Kamiya layer lead length load lower material mean measured melting metal method mole observed obtained occurs oxide phase Phys possible prepared pressure processes produced propagation properties range ratio reaction region samples seal shown in Fig shows silicate glasses SiO2 soda-lime Solids solution strain strength stress structure studies Table technique temperature thermal tion values vapor viscosity water content