FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Signs, shall have, will have.-Inflect with each.

1. I shall have been loved.

2. Thou shalt have been loved.

3. He shall have been loved.

1. We shall have been loved. 2. You shall have been loved. 3. They shall have been loved.

PRESENT-PERFECT TENSE.

Signs, may have, can have,* or must have.-Inflect with each.

1. I may have been loved.

2. Thou mayst have been loved.

3. He may have been loved.

1. We may have been loved.

2. You may have been loved. 3. They may have been loved.

PAST TENSE.

Signs, might, could, would, should.-Inflect with each.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Signs, might have, could have, would have, should have.—

Inflect with each.

1. I might have been loved.

2. Thou mightst have been loved.

3. He might have been loved.

1. We might have been loved. 2. You might have been loved. 3. They might have been loved.

* Can have, as an auxiliary, is not used in affirmative sentences.

PRESENT, Being loved. PAST, Loved. PERFECT, Having been loved

Observations on the Passive Voice.

508. 1. The passive voice, in the finite moods, properly affirms of the subject the receiving of the act performed by the actor; and in all tenses, except the present, expresses passively the same thing that is expressed by the same tense in the active voice: thus, "Cæsar conquered Gaul," and "Gaul was conquered by Cæsar," express the same thing. Hence, the subject of the verb in the passive voice, is the object of the act, i. e., it is acted upon by the actor (369).

2. Every tense of the passive voice may be resolved into

* The conjunctions, if, though, lest, unless, etc., do not form part of the subjunctive mood, but are placed before it to express a condition or contingency (389). The pupil may go over the indicative, as a subjunctive, with one or other of these conjunctions prefixed.

the verb to be, and the past participle, the former to be regarded as an attributive verb, and the latter as a participle limiting the subject of the attributive verb, which is also its subject. Compare the following:

Sad at heart, he returned home.

He WAS sad at heart.

Admired by all, he became vain.
He was admired by all, etc.

509. The present passive has a somewhat different office in different verbs. In some, it represents the act as now in progressin others, as now completed. In the former, it expresses passively the present continuance of the action, just as the present active does. Thus, "James loves Robert," and Robert is loved by James," express precisely the same thing. In the latter, the present passive expresses, not the continuance, but the result of the act now finished, as a predicate of the subject; as, The house is built." The act of building is here represented, not as continuing, but as completed; and the result of the act expressed by "built" is predicated of "house."

510. In all such verbs, the idea expressed by the present passive differs from that expressed by the present active; the latter expressing a continuing, the former, a completed act. A continuing act, in this class of verbs, can be expressed passively only when the participle in ing has a passive as well as an active sense (456).

511. There is no passive form corresponding to the progressive form, in the active voice, except where the participle in ing is used passively; as, "The house is building." The form introduced within the last fifty years, and now defended by some grammarians, viz., "The house is being built," ought to be regarded only as a clumsy solecism. On this subject, see 457 and Appendix IX.

Inflect the following verbs in the same manner as am loved (507)

EXERCISES-NO. II.

1. In the following exercises, tell the tense, mood, voice, number, and person, and always in this order, viz.: "Is loved "-present, indicative, passive, third person, singular.

2. In the imperative, omit the tense, and say thus: "Be ye loved," imperative, passive, second person, plural.

3. In the infinitive and participles, omit the person and number, and say thus: "To be loved," present, infinitive, passive. 'Being loved," present participle, passive.

They are loved; we were loved; she was loved; he has been loved; I have been loved; thou hadst been loved; we shall be loved; they will be loved; I shall have been loved.

Ile can be loved; she must be loved; they might be loved; ye would be loved; I could be loved; thou mayst have been loved; it may have been loved. If I be loved. Be thou loved; you be loved. To be loved. Loved; having been loved; being loved.

4. Put the above exercises, first in the negative form, and then, in the indicative and potential moods, in the interrogative form, as directed (499 and 502).

EXERCISES-NO. III.

Change the exercises (497, II.; 498) into the passive form. Write them out, and then parse them; thus, "We are loved by him," etc. Put each example in the negative form, and those in the indicative or potential, in the interrogative form, as directed (499 and 502).

List of Irregular Verbs.

512. An Irregular verb is one that does not form its past tense in the indicative active, and its past participle, by adding ed to the present.

513. *** The following list comprises nearly all the irregular verbs in the language. Those conjugated regularly, as well as irregularly, are marked with an r. When two forms are given, the first is most used.

They may be conveniently divided into three classes:

1. Those which have only one form for the three parts given;

2. Those which have two forms for the parts given viz :

abode

thrust

? wet

? whet

beaten, beat