What part of speech is and? In the sentence, "John reads and writes," what does and connect? What does and connect in the following phrases, "A red and white rose "“A red rose and a white rose "-"Well and truly said?" What conjunction connects the following sentences, "They are happy, because they are good ?" Here the following facts may be noticed (945, etc.) :—

1. When two nouns or pronouns are connected, they are in the same case, and in the same construction.

2. When two verbs are connected, they have the same subject; as, "James reads and writes."

3. When two adjectives are connected, they qualify the same noun or pronoun.

4. When two adverbs are connected, they modify the same word.

5. When conjunctions connect sentences, they do not connect individual words in the sentence. Thus, "They are happy, because they are good," the conjunction does not connect they with they, nor are with are, nor happy with good; but, "They are happy" with "they are good." So also when they connect phrases: “He spoke to James, and to me' -“ Of him, and through him, and to him, are all things."

EXERCISES ON CONJUNCTIONS.

1. In the following sentences, point out the conjunctions, and state what words, or phrases, or sentences, they connect. Sometimes the order is so inverted, that the conjunctive clause stands first.

2. Parse the words in their order.

Time and tide wait for no man.—The evening and the morning were the first day.-The memory of the just is blessed, but the name of the wicked shall rot.-If thou faint in the day of adversity, thy strength is smallGeorge or John will go.-They will succeed, because they are industrious.-Because they are industrious they will succeed. Of him, and through him, and to him, are all things. Though he slay me, yet will I trust in him.

PARSING.

574. Parsing is the resolving of a sentence into its elements or parts of speech.

575. Words may be parsed in two ways: Etymologically (576), and Syntactically (983).

1. Etymological parsing consists in stating the part of speech to which each word in a sentence belongs, its uses and accidents, its infection, and changes, and derivation, if derived.

2. Syntactical parsing adds to the above a statement of the relation in which the words stand to each other, and the rules according to which they are combined in phrases and sentences.

NOTE.-In the natural order, Etymological parsing should precede Analysis, because we can not analyze a sentence before we have learned the character of the words it contains; and Analysis should precede Syntactical parsing, because, till we know the parts and elements of a sentence, we can not understand their relations, nor intelligently combine them into one consistent whole. As Etymological parsing has to do only with the accidents of words, it matters not whether the words parsed are unconnected, or in sentences. But in both Analysis and Syntactical parsing, not only must the words constitute a sentence, but that also must be both intelligible and understood; for no one can either analyze or parse syntactically that which he does not understand.

Etymological Parsing.

576. Words are parsed etymologically in the manner directed under each part of speech, viz.: Nouns (182) -articles (194)-adjectives (225)-pronouns of different kinds, viz. personal (253), relative (278), interrogative (286), adjective (313)-verbs (431 and 496)-adverbs (537) -prepositions (553) — interjections (560)—conjunctions (572).

577. That a pupil should be expert and accurate in this exercise

is of much importance, in order to pursue with pleasure and success the study of Syntax, and to gain a correct understanding of the forms and usages of speech in the English language.

578. A sentence to be parsed must be intelligible, and it is necessary for the pupil, in the first place, to understand it. When he understands a sentence, and also the definition of the different parts of speech given in the grammar, he will not find much difficulty in ascertaining to which of them each word belongs. This method will exercise the discriminating powers of the pupil better, engage his attention much more, and, on trial, be found much more easy and certain than that of consulting his dictionary on every occasion-a plan always laborious, often unsatisfactory, and which, instead of leading him to depend on his own resources, will induce habits of slavish dependence on the authority of others.

579. The following general principles should be remembered, and steadily kept in view, in parsing every sentence, viz.:

1. Every adjective qualifies or limits a noun or pronoun, expressed or understood (195 and 196).

2. The subject of a verb, that is, the person or thing spoken of, is always in the nominative (except when the verb is in the infinitive or participial mood) (315 and 760).

3. Every verb in the indicative, potential, subjunctive, or imperative, has a subject, expressed or understood (661, 4).

4. Every verb in the active voice used transitively, and every preposition, is followed by a noun or pronoun in the objective case, or by an infinitive mood or a clause of a sentence equivalent to it; and every objective case, except as in 828, is the object of a transitive verb in the active voice, or of a preposition (661, 6).

5. The infinitive mood, for the most part, depends on a verb or adjective (865).

580. MODEL OF ETYMOLOGICAL PARSING. "The minutest plant or animal, if [it is] attentively ex

amined, affords a thousand wonders, and obliges us to admire and adore the Omnipotent Hand by which it was created."

581. Previous to parsing this sentence, the pupil may be led to understand it better, and perceive its parts more distinctly, by attending to such questions as the following: What is spoken of in this sentence? How are plant and animal qualified? What is said of them thus qualified? How is wonders limited? What else is said of plant and animal? Whom do they oblige? What do they oblige us to do? How is hand qualified? What hand? etc.

582. The length of time necessary to parse even a few words, giving all the reasons, as in the full schemes (576), renders it impracticable to do it often, though occasionally it may be profitable. The following brief method will answer every purpose:—

The.........Definite article, belonging to plant and animal, and showing them to be limited.

minutest....Adjective, superlative degree, qualifying plant, etc.

plant.

or.

.A noun, neuter, in the nominative singular, subject of affords.

. A disjunctive conjunction, distributive, connecting plant and animal as alternates.

animal... ...A noun, neuter, in the nominative singular, subject of

if..

it..

affords.

.A copulative conjunction, continuative, connecting the sentences.

.Third personal pronoun, neuter, in the nominative singular, standing for plant or animal, and subject of is examined.

is examined. .A verb, transitive, regular, in the present indicative, passive, expressing what is done to its subject it. attentively...An adverb, modifying examined; compared by more and

most.

affords......A verb transitive, regular, in the present indicative, active, third person singular, and affirms of plant or animal.

a.

.Indefinite article, showing thousand wonders to be indefinite.

thousand....A numeral adjective, used to qualify wonders.

wonders. .A noun, neuter, in the objective plural, object of affords

...

and.........A copulative conjunction, connective; connects the predi cates affords and obliges.

obliges......A verb, transitive, regular, in the present indicative, active, third person singular, and affirms of plant or animal.

us..

...First personal pronoun, in the objective plural, object of obliges, and subject of to admire, etc.

to admire....A verb, transitive, regular, in the present infinitive, active, attribute of us, or object of obliges.

and.........A copulative conjunction, connective; connects to ad mire and to adore.

to adore.....A verb, transitive, regular, etc., (same as to admire). that........Demonstrative adjective pronoun, pointing out hand. Omnipotent. An adjective, not compared, qualifying hand.

hand........

.A noun, neuter, in the objective singular, object of to admire and to adore.

by..........A preposition, which shows the relation between which and was created.

which.... . A relative pronoun, related to hand as its antecedent, objective, object of the preposition by.

it..

.Third personal pronoun (same as before) subject of was created.

was created. A verb, transitive, regular, in the past indicative, passive, third person singular, and affirms of it.

Exercises in Parsing.

583. The following exercises are intended to familiarize the pupil with the most usual forms of relation, so that he may, without embarrassment, enter upon the more difficult discussions of Syntax. Appropriate exercises should be extended, under each rule.

1. Two or more adjectives in succession, either with or without a conjunction, qualify the same word; as,

1. A wise and faithful servant will always study his master's interest. 2. He has bought a fine new coat.

2. When an adjective precedes two nouns, it generally qualifies them both; as,

1. They waited for a fit time and place. 2. He was a man of great wisdom and moderation.