except the last; as, "He caused the blind to see, the lame to walk, the deaf to hear, the lepers to be cleansed."—"We ran hither and thither, seeking novelty and change, sympathy and pastime, communion and love."-"Youth is the season of joy, of bliss, of strength, and pride." 13. Interjection.—The interjections are never omitted; but, in the expression of sudden emotion, all but the most important words are commonly omitted; as, "Well done!" for, "That is well done!" Also, after interjections, there is often an ellipsis of the obvious word; "O for a lodge," etc., that is, "O how I long for a lodge," etc.A horse! a horse! my kingdom for a horse!” that is, “Bring me a horse. I would give my kingdom for a horse.” as, 66 979. RULE 2.—An ellipsis is not allowable, when it would obscure the sentence, weaken its force, or be attended with an impropriety; as, "We speak that we do know," for that which, etc. 980. In general, no word should be omitted by ellipsis, that is necessary to the usual construction or harmony of a sentence, or to render the meaning perspicuous. 981. Articles, pronouns, and prepositions, should always be repeated when the words with which they stand connected are used emphatically. Under such circumstances, even nouns, adjectives, and verbs, must often be repeated; as, "Not only the year, but the day and the hour were appointed." 982. It is generally improper, except in poetry, to omit the antecedent to a relative; and it is always so, to omit a relative, when it is in the nominative. EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED. In the following sentences, omit such words as are not necessary to the sense: (978, 1) Cicero was an eloquent man, an able man, a generous man, and he was a truly patriotic man.—Avarice and cunning may gain an estate; but avarice and cunning can not gain friends.—(978, 4) He has an affectionate brother and an affectionate sister.-(978, 6) Genuine virtue supposes our benevolence to be strengthened and to be confirmed by principle.-Perseverance in laudable pursuits will reward all our toils, and will produce effects beyond our calculation.— (978, 10) We often commend imprudently, as well as censure imprudently. (978, 11) Changes are almost constantly taking place in men, and in manners, in opinions and in customs, in private fortunes and in public conduct.—(978, 1, 6, 9) He is temperate, he is disinterested, he is benevolent.-He regards the truth, but thou dost not regard it. -We succeeded, but they did not succeed. In the following sentences, supply the words improperly omitted, and state why they should be restored : (979) We are naturally inclined to praise who praise us, and t flatter who flatter us.-Who best can suffer best can do.-Ilis honor, interest, religion, were all embarked in this undertaking.-Many days. and even weeks, pass away unimproved.-The captain had several men died in his ship.-That is a property most men have, or at least may attain. This property has or will be sold.-It requires few talents to which most men are not born, or at least may not acquire. -The people of this country possess a healthy climate and soil.-—I have purchased a house and orchard. SYNTACTICAL PARSING. 983. Syntactical Parsing includes etymological, and adds to it a statement of the relation in which words stand to each other, and the rules according to which they are combined in phrases and sentences. Before parsing a sentence syntactically, it should first be analyzed, as directed (658), and exemplified (659). Model of Syntactical Parsing. "The minutest plant or animal, if attentively examined, affords a thousand wonders, and obliges us to admire and adore the Omnipotent hand by which it was created." This sentence contains all the parts of speech except the interjection. It is parsed etymologically (581, 582), and analyzed (659, 7), which see. It may now be parsed syntactically, as follows:- The........ is the DEFINITE ARTICLE; it belongs to plant or animal (711), and shows these words to be limited.-RULE III., 2, "The article the is put," etc. (707). minutest.... is an ADJECTIVE, compared here by er and est, superlative, and qualifies plant or animal.—RULE II., 1, “ An adjective or participle," etc. (676). plant....... is a NOUN, neuter, in the nominative singular, the subject of affords and obliges.-RULE VI., “The subject of a finite verb," etc. (760). or. animal...... if ...... it. V......... is a DISJUNCTIVE CONJUNCTION, distributive, connecting as alternates plant and animal (567).—RULE XIX., "Conjunctions connect," etc. (944). is a NOUN, neuter, in the nominative singular-same as plant-and connected with it by or. is a CONJUNCTION, continuative; it connects its clause with the preceding as a condition.-RULE XIX., " Conjunctions connect," etc. (944). (understood) is a third PERSONAL PRONOUN, neuter, in the nominative singular; .it stands for plant or animal. RULE IV., 2," When a pronoun refers," etc. (730); and is the subject of is examined.-RULE VI., "The subject of a finite verb," etc. (760). is examined. is a VERB, transitive, regular,* in the present indicative, passive, expressing an act done to its subject it, with which it agrees.-RULE VIII., "A verb agrees," etc.. (776). attentively.. is an ADVERB, derived from attentive, and compared by more and most; it modifies is examined.-RULE XVIII., Adverbs modify," etc. (922). affords...... is a VERB, transitive, regular; in the present indicative, active, third person singular; agrees with, and affirms α. ... of plant or animal.-RULE 3 under RULE VIII., "Two or more substantives singular," etc. (785). is the INDEFINITE ARTICLE, and belongs to thousand. It shows that the number is regarded as one aggregate `(716).—RULE III., 1, "The article a or an," etc. (707, 726). thousand.. is a NUMERAL ADJECTIVE, cardinal, qualifying wonders. -RULE II., 1, "An adjective or participle," etc. (676). wonders..... is a NOUN, neuter, in the objective plural, the object of affords.-RULE X., "A substantive being the object," etc. (801). * Conjugating is here omitted for brevity, it being unnecessary, cause the verb is mentioned as regular (491, note). be and..... obliges.. us. ..... to admire. is a COPULATIVE CONJUNCTION; it connects affords and is a PERSONAL PRONOUN, first person, masculine or is a VERB, transitive, regular, in the present infinitive, and........ is a COPULATIVE CONJUNCTION; it connects to admire and to adore.-RULE XIX., Conjunctions connect," etc. (944). to adore..... is the same in parsing and construction as to admire. the. is the DEFINITE ARTICLE; it belongs to hand, and shows it to be limited.-RULE III., 2, "The article the," etc. (707). Omnipotent.. is an ADJECTIVE, not compared, because it does not admit of increase (223). It qualifies hand.—RULE II., 1, hand.. by....... which.... it....... 'An adjective or participle," etc. (676). is a NOUN, neuter, in the objective singular, object of to admire and to adore.-RULE X. (801). is a PREPOSITION; it shows the relation between which, the subsequent term (538, 539), and was created, the antecedent term.-" A preposition is a word," etc. (538). is a RELATIVE PRONOUN, neuter, in the objective singular; refers to, and agrees with, hand as its antecedent.— RULE V., "The relative agrees," etc. (742), and is the object of the relation expressed by the preposition by.—RULE XI., "A substantive being the object,' etc. (818). It connects its clause with hand, and describes it (644, 614, 5). is a PRONOUN, same as before; is the subject of was created.-RULE VI., "The subject of a finite verb,” etc. (760). was created.. is a VERB, transitive, regular, in the past indicative, passive, third person singular; affirms of, and agrees with it.-RULE VIII., "A verb agrees," etc. (776). In the same manner, parse the other sentences analyzed (659); and analyze and parse the exercises following them (page 143), and any correct sentences from any good author. Promiscuous Exercises ON THE RULES OF SYNTAX, ETC. In the preceding "Exercises to be Corrected," care has been taken to insert such examples only as can be corrected by the rule, or the observations under which they are placed, or by those which precede them. In the following "Promiscuous Exercises," no particular arrangement is observed. Every sentence contains one error, many of them two, and some of them three or more. Many of the errors, too, are such as are often made, and, on account of our familiar ity with them, are not so readily noticed. For example, nobody would say, "Him writes." Some, perhaps, might say, "Here is the man whom everybody says is the writer of that letter;" and yet the error in both is the same, and violates Rule VI. In all these examples for correction, the object aimed at is to put the pupil in possession of the idea intended to be expressed-and the exercise for him is to express that idea grammatically, in the best manner. There can be no danger of imitating an expression which he is forewarned is wrong;, while it will exercise his judgment to detect the error, test his knowledge of grammar, and be a profitable exercise in composition to put the sentence right. All these exercises may first be corrected orally-showing wherein each is wrong, and why-correcting the error, and giving a reason for the change made. They may then be written out in a corrected state. After that, each sentence may be analyzed as directed (658), and then parsed syntactically as directed (983). 1.-1. Too great a variety of studies perplex and weaken the judgment.-2. I called to see you, but you was not at home.-3. To act with caution, but with steadiness and vigor, distinguish the manly character.-4. The train of our ideas are often interrupted.-5. They were both unfortunate, but neither of them were to blame. 2.-1. We arrived safely at our journey's end.-2. That is a matter of no consequence between you and I.-3. This should not happen between such friends as him and me.-4. Them that seek knowledge will find it.-5. Such are the men whom, we might suppose, know better.-6. Our welfare and security consists in unity. 7.—All the world is spectators of your conduct. |