the statesman, "a historian of great acuteness and diligence;" which from such a person is valuable praise. Ralph enjoyed a literary pension from the British Government for a short time immediately preceding his death; and so far as our researches enable us to express an opinion, he was the only American upon whom such an honour ever was conferred.

Franklin, whose name is a “household-word" in England, was not only an author of some repute, but his exertions in behalf of science have placed his name high among those who have conferred lasting benefits on their race by their discoveries. His political and philosophical writings exhibit great clearness, as well as skill in composition; and but few have the temerity to deny merit to his admirable Autobiography, which is in fact one of the most pleasing compositions in the English language.

From Franklin's early youth until about the year 1770, general literature received much attention, and, did our limits permit, we could name not a few able poetical productions which belong to this era. They display taste as well as scholarship, and are wonderful improvements on the rhymes of the Puritan age.

At a time when miscellaneous and light literature attracted so much notice, it was not altogether unnatural a few practical minds should devote themselves to colonial history; and we take pleasure in recording the fact, inasmuch as the labours of these early American chroniclers have been of great value to subsequent historians, and may be considered as indicating a respect for the opinions and wants of posterity not usually entertained by the fathers of nations. In a literary estimate, the works of Cadwallader Colden may take the first rank among the first American historical writings. He produced a History of the Five Natims [of Indians] about 1745, which was republished in London in 1747, and a third edition was published in the same city in 1755. This author turned his attention to the nature of American plants, and supplied Linnæus with a well-written account of between three and four hundred American plants, about two hundred of which were for the first time described in the Acta Societatis Upsaliensis. He also wrote on philosophical subjects; and left a collection of unpublished papers, valuable as ante-revolutionary records from which Mr. Bancroft obtained a vast amount of information not to be had elsewhere.

William Hubbard wrote a narrative History of New England, prior to 1700; but the work of Thomas Prince on the same subject, published in 1736 and in 1755, is of far more value. John Callender, a native of Boston, wrote a Discourse on the History of Rhode Island in 1739-now valuable for its factswhich was republished in 1838, with notes, and which must ever be considered as the best contribution extant to the early history of the State to which it relates. A full and entertaining History of King Philip's War was written by the famous Captain Church in 1716, which reached a second edition in a short time, and is now a standard authority on early New England affairs, particularly during King Philip's time. David Brainerd, who devoted himself to the work of an Indian Missionary, while so engaged, recorded faithfully his adventures, together with his observations on the manners and peculiarities of the various tribes with whom it was his fate to associate. His Diary has proved valu

able to more than one historian, and must remain a faithful picture of the savages inhabiting New England at the early settlement of the country.

Although the austere religion of the Puritans forbade dramatic representations under penalty of severe punishment, it did not succeed in crushing out the desire for the literature of the stage. Some efforts at dramatic composition were made even in New England during the period of which we treat; but nothing perfect was produced there. Thomas Godfrey, a native of Philadelphia, a son of the inventor of the Mariner's Quadrant, wrote the first finished play produced in America. It was composed during a three years' residence in North Carolina, and although deficient in force as a whole, possesses many redeeming points. It is called the Prince of Parthia, and considering the author's mathematical predilections, and that he received but a common education in his mother tongue, is quite a creditable performance. Godfrey's father was a companion of Franklin when a youth in Philadelphia, and is mentioned in the Autobiography.

This concludes our summary of American literary achievements in this period, and if nothing decidedly great was produced, the fruits are at least valuable for the progress displayed towards excellence. A clear style grew into favour. Terseness and purity of expression are observable in nearly all the essays of the time; and as we approach the exciting dawn of the Revolution, we cannot conceal our surprise at the force displayed in very many of the political pamphlets then published. These compositions show another advance-step in American letters, and they assuredly did much towards a habit of independent thinking among the people.

So ends our colonial survey; and, taking the brief period into consideration, together with the duties incident to conquering a wilderness from savages, these contributions to a national literature are as meritorious and numerous as those of England in the corresponding period of her early history.

CHAPTER III.

FIRST AMERICAN PERIOD.

MANY causes were at work at the commencement of the American Revolution, which tended to foster and develope both literary and oratorical talents. The oppressions of the mother country were not the least of these. At first silently endured, then received with murmurs of dissatisfaction, they finally produced boldly-expressed and manful opposition. Speeches and pamphlets were the weapons of attack; and in looking over the writings of those who took the Colonial side of the controversy, our admiration is fairly won by the high literary ability displayed in the written appeals to the parent country. Lord Chatham declared the public documents of the principal statesmen of the American Revolution to be equal to the finest specimens of Greek or Roman wisdom. A clear and forcible form of expression characterises nearly all

these productions, and in many cases they are written with graceful ease. Men who wrote so well possessed a cultivated taste, and the skill they displayed in composition may fairly be attributed to wise mental training, native talents, and that love of the good in literature so widely prevalent among the wealthier colonists during the second period of American literary history. From about 1770 the spirit of eloquence began to give evidence of its existence, and the writings of the country at once assumed a more decidedly national type than ever before The transition from the stiffness of the Puritan era to the elegance of Queen Anne's age, is not more marked than that from the Georgian to the first American period. Among the most noticeable of the political writings of the time, and these cannot be overlooked in a survey of American literature, are those of James Otis. Some of William Livingston's pamphlets are tersely and smoothly written; and William Dickinson's Farmer's Letters were so highly esteemed, both for their able vindication of the rights of the colonists, their force of argument, and dignity of style, as to be republished both in England and France. He was the author of the Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec, issued by Congress in 1774; and also, of the first Petition of Remonstrance to the King, adopted by the same body.

As might be expected, a vigour was infused into both the specches and writings of this period. The conventionalism of European literature was cast aside, and the first-fruits of a national American literature were produced. For a time political pamphlets necessarily occupied the field; but, dry as such works always are to the mass of readers, they were extensively read; and, treating as they did upon subjects affecting the individual liberty of every American, they went far to sever that reliance upon Europe for literature which American authorship is now so rapidly consummating, although reluctantly acknowledged by Europeans. As the occasion which gave existence to these pamphlets was removed, works of a more enduring character appeared. One or more narratives of adventure and suffering during the war of the Revolution were published between 1776 and 1790, which will always be valuable for their accuracy of detail and descriptions of the times. In 1791, Bartram, the botanist, published a volume of travels through North and South Carolina, which Coleridge describes as "a work of high merit in every way;" and it may properly be considered as among the valuable contributions to the American literature of this period.

William Henry Drayton of South Carolina, a conspicuous actor in the Revolution, wrote several pamphlets on the politics of the age; and left, at his decease, a large quantity of well-arranged materials for a history of the Revolution, subsequently published under the editorship of his son.

Thomas Jefferson, the third President of the Republic, while yet a young man, published in pamphlet form, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, which passed through several editions in London under the supervision of Edmund Burke. His Notes on Virginia, a work of interest and merit, was published in Paris in 1784, since which period it has passed through many editions both in Europe and America, ranking at present as a standard authority. And his varied and extensive correspondence is among the most reliable contributions to American political history, containing valuable suggestions, profound observations, and sagacious remarks on men and things.

In a survey of the writers of this period it would be unwise to omit the honoured name of Washington, whose many writings evince a skill in graceful composition not common to military men. The majority of what he wrote was produced in the camp, surrounded by the din of arms, and much of it when he was weighed down by public cares; and yet, it all is remarkable for clearness of expression, force of language, and a tone of lofty patriotism. It is the custom with some persons to speak slightly of his writings, or with an air of compassionate condescension; but we regard them, even in a literary view, as second to none of a similar character of whatever nation, and think they display an intellect which, had it been devoted to literature, would have made for itself a position by no means of a merely secondary character.

Josiah Quincy, jun., of Boston, commenced his career as a political writer in his 23rd year, attracting the notice of the government by the force and logic of his writings. In 1774 he published a pamphlet entitled Observations on the Act of Parliament commonly called the Boston Port Bill, with Thoughts on Civil Society and Standing Armies ::-a work of sound reasoning and much literary merit. In the same year he sailed for England, where he associated with many of the literary men of the age, corresponding at the time with his friends at home on almost every topic of interest. These letters were published after his death, and constitute the first collection of American epistolary compositions deserving commendation.

Capable writers were not wanting to occupy almost every field in the realm of letters; and as early as 1784, Jeremy Belknap published, at Philadelphia, the first volume of a credible and attractive History of New Hampshire. He also wrote an amusing Apologue entitled The Foresters, which abounds in genuine humour. And in 1794, he published the first volume of a carefullywritten and pleasing series of American Biographical Sketches, which form the foundation of an American Biography, and evidently suggested Mr. Sparks' more able and valuable work.

It is worthy of note that to this period of American literature belongs a name known wherever the English language is spoken-that of Lindley Murray, the Grammarian. He was born in Pennsylvania, educated in New York, and his first literary effort was a work on the Power of Religion on the Mind, which passed through seventeen editions in the author's life-time, six of which were published in England. He wrote his celebrated English Grammar for the use of the pupils at a female boarding-school near York, in England, and first published it in 1795. This incident directed his attention to the defective character of English School-books generally, which he set about to remedy, and soon after issued his widely-known English Reader; being extracts from the best authors in the language, arranged and selected for the use of schools. To him the British people are indebted for the best grammar of their language then published, and his practical mind first perceived and remedied the defective character of English School-books.

In very many instances literary reputation at this period was incidental to the politician. The cases of John Jay and Alexander Hamilton are examples. Both of these gentlemen wrote for the Federalist. Hamilton, however, contributed the majority of the papers which compose that work-a work "that exhibits," says the Edinburgh Review, an extent and precision of informa

tion, a profundity of research, and an acuteness of understanding, which would have done honour to the most illustrious statesman of ancient or modern times." But Jay's fame does not rest entirely upon his writings in the Federalist. He wrote the Address to the People of Great Britain, issued by Congress in 1774, as well as other political papers now of historic interest. His correspondence constitutes a valuable addition to American historical literature. Of the writers on the Science of Medicine, Dr. Benjamin Rush is conspicuous. Chalmers, in his Biographical Dictionary, says, he "threw more light on the true character of gout, dropsy, and consumption of the lungs, than is to be derived from the investigations of any other author." He also wrote a valuable work on the Diseases of the Mind, now a standard authority with Medical men in America, and particularly interesting to the general reader for the ease and purity of its style, and the many personal anecdotes with which it abounds. At least one other medical author of note belongs to the same period. As early as 1771, James McClurg, a native of Virginia, published in London, an Essay on the Human Bile, so ably written, says one authority, "and expressed with such beauty and classical elegance of diction, that it was translated into many of the languages of Europe."

Although the period immediately succeeding the subsidence of the Revolutionary excitement was strongly tinctured with a tendency to political discussion, a few able minds freed themselves from this influence, and turned to the study of natural philosophy and physical science. Of these Dr. Benjamin. Smith Barton, Professor of various branches of learning in the University of Pennsylvania, merits especial notice as the author of the first American elementary work on Botany, and as being the first person to direct attention to the Indian tribes of America as a subject of ethnological investigation and study. In this scientific field he is the pioneer of Duponceau, Squier, Bartlett, and others, and his New Views of the Indian Tribes was the first contribution to the ethnological literature of America.

Theology found able exponents and defenders from 1770 to 1820. President Edwards, a son of the celebrated author of the Essay on the Freedom of the Will, wrote a profound Dissertation on Liberty and Necessity, and a treatise entitled The Salvation of all Men Examined and Explained; both of which works display a high order of intellect in their author.

Among the writers of less note in the same field of investigation, Joseph Bellamy and Samuel Hopkins are conspicuous. But a greater than all was President Timothy Dwight, the successor of Edwin Stiles in the Presidency of Yale College. His Theology Explained and Defended still exercises a considerable influence on religious opinion in America, and the circulation it has attained in England indicates a respect for its 'teachings at once suggestive of its sound reasonings and pure Christian doctrines. There were many other theological authors during this epoch, but the mention of one other name must suffice. Bishop White's writings are numerous, ranging from Lectures on various subjects connected with the Church of England discipline to Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. This contribution to the history of Episcopacy in America deserves to be better known in England, as it explains in concise terms the present organization of the Anglican Church in the United States, a subject not generally un