Elementary Theory of Electric and Magnetic Fields

Ampère's law angular arbitrary atom axis Calculate charge density charge distribution charge q charge residing charged particle closed surface conducting surface conductor Consequently Consider constant coordinates Coulomb curl current carriers current density cylinder d'Alembert's equation defined dielectric dipole discussion divergence theorem E-field electric electromagnetic electrons electrostatic energy electrostatic field electrostatic potential evaluated expression ferromagnetic field point finite flux follows force law frequency Gauss's law grad integral interface Laplace's equation linear loop macroscopic magnetic field magnetostatic magnitude material matrix molecules parallel permittivity perpendicular physical point charge polar potential function produced quadrupole r₁ radius region result right-hand side scalar side of eq solutions sphere spherical polar coordinates spherical surface symmetry theorem unit vector vacuum vanishes vector calculus identity vector point function vector potential velocity volume wire yields zero Απερ Απερι μο