past, but also conveys an allusion to the present time.

63. The pluperfect tense represents a thing not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence.

64. The first future tense represents an action as yet to come, either with or without respect to the precise time when.

65. The second future tense intimates that the action will be fully accomplished, at or before the time of another future action or event.

66. Auxiliary or helping verbs are those, by the help of which the principal verbs are chiefly conju gated; they are do, be, have, shall, will, may, can, with their variations; and let and must, which have no variation.

67.

The conjugation of a verb is the regular combination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, moods, and tenses.

68. The verb to be is conjugated as follows:

2. Thou hast been, or you have 2. Ye or you have been.

been.

3. He has been.

3. They have been.

Singular.

1. I had been.

Pluperfect Tense.

Plural.

1. We had been.

2. Thou hadst been, or you had 2. Ye or you had been.

been.

3. He had been.

Singular.

1. I shall or will be.

3. They had been.

First Future Tense.

Plural.

1. We shall or will be.

2. Thou shalt or will be, or you 2. Ye or you shall or will be.

shall or will be.

3. They shall or will be.

Second Future Tense.

3. He shall or will be,

Piural.

1. We shall have been.

2. Thon wilt have been, or you 2. Ye or you will have been. 3. They will have been,

will have been,

3. He will have been.

Singular.

IMPERATIVE

MOOD.

Plural.

2. Be thou or do thou be, or be 2. Be ye or you, or do

2. Thou mayst or caust be, or 2. Ye or you may or can be.

*This form of the verb in the potential mood has usually been ranked in the imperfect tense; and it is frequently used in a manner which will bear the sig sification of that tense; but it is not less frequently found in the present or future. Indeed it is a form of the verb which is used indiscriminately, to express past, present, or future time; the construction of the sentence alone determining to which tense it belongs.

Singular.

Perfect Tense.

Plural.

1. I may or can have been. 1. We may or can have been. 2. Thou mayst or canst have 2. Ye or you may or can have been, or you may or can have been.

3. He may or can have been.

been.

3. They may or can have been.

Pluperfect Tense.

Singular. 1. I might, could, would, or 1. should have been. 2. Thou mightst, &c. or you 2. might, could, would, or should have been.

3. He might, could, would, or should have been.

3

Plural.

We might, could, would, or
should have been.

Ye or you might, could, would,
or should have been.
They might, could, would, or
should have been.

3. If he were.

Present Tense.-Third Form.

2. If thou wert, or if you were. 2. If ye or you were.

3. If they were.†

Plural

1. If we were.

* See remarks on the different forms of the subjunctive present. Part II. p. 58.

+In the subjunctive imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, first future, and second Future, the verb is conjugated just as it is in those tenses of the indicative mood, except that will and wilt are not used in the subjunctive second future, and that a conjunction is added implying doubt or condition

69. The verb to have is conjugated as follows:

1. We had.

2. Ye or you had.
3 They had.

The perfect and pluperfect are formed from the present and imperfect by annexing had; as, (perfect) I have had, &c. (pluperfect) I had had, &c. The first future is formed from the present by prefixing the auxiliary shall or will; as I shall or will have, &c. The second future is formed from the first by annexing had; as, I shall have had, You will have had, &c.

Singular.

IMPERATIVE MOOD.

Plural.

2. Have thou, or do thou have, 2. Have ye or you, or do ye or or have you or do you have. you have.

The potential mood is formed by prefixing the auxiliaries may, can, might, could, would, should, in the manner they were applied to the verb to be in all its variations: as, I may or can have; Thou mayst, &c.

The subjunctive is formed by the addition of a conjunction; as, If I have &c.

Verbs are divided into regular, irregular and defective.

70. Verbs are called regular, when they form their imperfect tense and perfect participle by the addition of d or ed; and irregular, when they do

not.

71. Defective verbs are those which are used only in some of their moods and tenses.

72. A passive verb is conjugated by adding the perfect participle to the auxiliary to be through all its changes of number, person, mood, and tense.* OF ADVERBS.

73. An adverb is a part of speech joined to a verb, an adjective, a preposition, an article, and to other adverbs, to qualify them.

74. Some adverbs are compared; as, soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; those ending in ly are compared by more and most; as, wisely, more wisely, most wisely.

OF PREPOSITIONS.

75. Prepositions serve to connect words with one another, and to shew the relation between them. They are for the most part put before nouns and pronouns, and always require an objective casè after them, expressed or understood,

OF CONJUNCTIONS.

76. A conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences; so as out of two or more sentences to make but one. It sometimes

connects only words.

77. Conjunctions are properly divided into two sorts, the copulative and the disjunctive.

78. The conjunction copulative serves to con

* See conjugation of transitive and passive verbs throughout Part II.