IV. "Factors Determining Success or Failure on Parole; a Study of Three Thousand Cases of Paroled Men," by Ernest W. Burgess.

V. "Summary of the Findings and of the Recoinmendations," by the Committee.

Although the members of the Committee and its field worker were each assigned the writing of a separate part of the report, the collection of the facts and the interpretation of the data have been the result of such genuine collaboration that the Committee as a whole assumes responsibility for all parts of the report and presents it as a joint product.

Respectfully submitted,

ANDREW A. BRUCE

ERNEST W. BURGESS

ALBERT J. HARNO

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS
August 16, 1928

The Committee on the Study of the Workings of the Indeterminate-Sentence Law and of Parole in the State of Illinois

CONTENTS

PART I. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF

THE PAROLE SYSTEM IN ILLINOIS

I. THE FUNCTION OF THE BOARD OF PAROLES

II. PARDONS, PAROLES, AND PROBATION DISTINGUISHED

AND THE POWER OF THE GOVERNOR IN RELATION

THERETO

III. THE VARIOUS THEORIES OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT

IV. THE POLICY OF PUNISHMENT IN EARLY ILLINOIS

V. THE REACTION AGAINST EXCESSIVE SEVERITY; THE ES-

TABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST STATE PENITENTIARY AT

ALTON; AND THE MORE HUMAN CRIMINAL CODE OF

1833

VI. THE FARMING OUT OF CONVICTS

VII. THE HUMANITARIAN MOVEMENT, THE CREATION OF À

REFORM SCHOOL FOR JUVENILE OFFENDERS, AND THE

MODIFIED PAROLE OR TICKET-OF-LEAVE SYSTEM IN

RELATION THERETO

VIII. THE ABOLITION OF THE LASH AND THE PUNISHMENT

OF SOLITARY CONFINEMENT

3

8

12

20

23

26

28

31

X. THE GENERAL ADULT PAROLE ACTS OF 1895, 1897,

AND 1899

37

XII.

XI. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE FIRST STATE BOARD OF

PARDONS AND PAROLES

PROBATION

40

42

XIII. THE CREATION OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WEL-

FARE IN 1917; AND OF THE NEW PAROLE BOARD IN

1927

44

XIV. THE COST OF PAROLE

46

XV.

THE JUSTIFICATION FOR THE INDETERMINATE SEN-

TENCE AND THE PAROLE

XVI. POLITICS AND THE SYSTEM OF PROBATION AND PAROLES

58

PART II. THE WORKINGS OF THE PAROLE BOARD

AND ITS RELATION TO THE COURT

XVII. THE DIVISION OF PARDONS AND PAROLES PRIOR TO

AMENDMENT OF 1927.

XVIII. HOW THE NEW PAROLE BOARD WORKS

XIX. LESSER PLEAS AND PLEAS OF GUILTY AND THEIR

RELATION TO PAROLE

84

XX. THE ILLINOIS PROBATION SYSTEM

92

PART III. PAROLE AND REHABILITATION OF

THE CRIMINAL

XXI. THE FUNCTION OF THE PAROLE IN THE REHABILITA-

TION OF THE CRIMINAL

123

126

152

XXII. THE ILLINOIS STATE REFORMATORY AT PONTIAC

XXIII. THE ILLINOIS STATE PENITENTIARY AT JOLIET

XXIV. THE SOUTHERN ILLINOIS PENITENTIARY AT MENARD 172

XXV. PAROLE SUPERVISION AND THE REHABILITATION OF

THE CRIMINAL .

PART IV. FACTORS DETERMINING SUCCESS

OR FAILURE ON PAROLE

186

XXVI. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF PAROLED MEN? 205

XXVII. WHAT PROPORTION OF PAROLED MEN MAKE GOOD? 215

XXVIII. FACTORS MAKING FOR SUCCESS OR FAILURE ON PAROLE

XXIX.

221

INFLUENCE VERSUS MERIT IN PAROLE ADMINISTRATION

XXX. CAN SCIENTIFIC METHODS BE APPLIED TO PAROLE

ADMINISTRATION?

235

246

PART V. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS OF AND

THE RECOMMENDATIONS

XXXI. SUMMARY OF THE FINDINGS OF AND THE RECOM-

MENDATIONS

253

INDEX

271

PART I

THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE

PAROLE SYSTEM IN ILLINOIS

By ANDREW A. BRUCE