office of physician to St Bartholomew's hospital, the governors of that charity permitted him to delegate his duties for the time to Dr Smyth. On his return home he resumed his functions, but his attendance at court was so frequently called for, that he often found it impossible to attend to them as before. In consequence of this, Dr Andrews was appointed his assistant; though, in gratitude for the services which Harvey had so long and so faithfully executed, and in consideration of his attendance on important occasions, the annual salary was continued to him.

When Charles I. visited Scotland in 1633, Harvey accompanied him, and he has left a description of the Bass rock, a small island at the mouth of the Firth of Forth, which may be found in his eleventh dissertation on the generation of animals. During the civil wars, he was constantly in attendance on the king, and was present at the battle of Edge-hill. During the action, he was left to take charge of the prince and the duke of York, and is said to have been so near the scene of action that a cannon-ball grazed the ground near him, whereupon he quitted so dangerous a situation. In a short time he retired to Oxford with the king, and renewed his course of experiments and study. He now felt diligence to be the more necessary, as he had sustained an almost irreparable loss in the beginning of the rebellion, when his house at Whitehall was plundered, and notes of curious experiments and observations on the anatomy and physiology of several animals were taken away or destroyed. In 1642 he was incorporated as doctor in medicine of the university of Oxford, and three years afterwards succeeded Dr Nathaniel Brent in the wardenship of Merton college. Brent had formerly professed great friendship for the English church, and had received the honour of knighthood; but being, as Dr Laurence says, a time-serving man, and perceiving the approaching ascendancy of the parliament, he left the university and his office, uniting himself to the parliamentary party and taking the covenant. By the royal command therefore, he was superseded in his office by Dr Harvey. During his residence in Oxford he made many of his experiments on generation, in which he was greatly assisted by Dr George Bathurst of Trinity college. In this gentleman's chambers they kept a hen for the purpose of sitting on eggs, which they opened and examined at different periods of incubation

While resident at Oxford, he became acquainted with Dr Scarborough, at that time a very young man, and undecided as to what course he should pursue in future life. Harvey perceived his merits, and urged him strongly to follow out the medical profession, promising whatever assistance it lay in his power to bestow. His protegé did not disappoint his expectations, for he rose to great eminence in his profession, read the anatomical lectures at Surgeons' hall for many years, and was knighted and appointed one of the physicians of Charles II. It was about this time, also, that Harvey wrote a reply to the objections urged against his doctrine of the circulation by Riolan.

When Oxford was surrendered to the parliament, Harvey resigned the wardenship of Merton college, which was restored to Dr Brent, and went to London, where he resided for some time with his brother Eliab. This brother was now a rich Turkey merchant, and was among the first who introduced into England the use of coffee. Harvey is said by Aubrey to have travelled into Italy with Dr Ent, in 1646; but this

is to be regarded as doubtful, on account of the uncertainty attending the testimony of the narrator. He lived much out of town, having retired from practice, and devoted himself to his studies at his country seat at Combe in Surrey. Here he is said to have indulged much in a whim of studying under ground, in caves dug for the purpose, excluding the light of day. In 1651, he finished his work on generation, which, however, his modesty might have prevented him from publishing, but for the solicitations of his friend Sir George Ent, who obtained the papers from him, and gave them to the world. It would be to no purpose were we to enter here upon a detail of the opinions described in this work. The theoretical views are entirely superseded by more modern discoveries; all that is really valuable consists in a vast number of insulated anatomical facts which his attentive observation enabled him to collect. In December, 1652, the college of physicians testified their regard for Harvey by erecting a statue to his honour, with an inscription referring to the discovery which has rendered his name immortal. Having formerly obtained the consent of the college, he erected an elegant museum and library for their use, and on the 2d of February, 1653, after a splendid entertainment given to the president and fellows, presented the house and all that it contained to them. This building does not now exist; it is said to have been very near the present situation of Stationers'-hall. Soon after this he resigned his office of lecturer on anatomy and surgery; his successor was the celebrated Glisson.

In 1654, Dr Prujean resigned the presidency of the college of phy sicians, and in the absence of Harvey the college appointed him to the vacant office. This being communicated to him, he came to the assembly, and, returning thanks for the honour proposed to be conferred upon him, begged to be excused from accepting it, being unable from age and infirmities to perform the duties in an adequate manner. At the same time he added, that if he might, without arrogance, presume to give advice in such a matter, he would recommend the re-election of Dr Prujean, to whose prudence and diligence the college was already much indebted. The advice was followed, and Prujean was immediately re-instated in his honourable office. It is perhaps to this that we must refer the circumstance of Harvey being painted in the robes of the president of the college. In 1656, he made over for the perpetual use of the college, his paternal estate of fifty-six pounds a-year, partly for the support of a librarian, and partly for the institution of an oration to be delivered at the annual feast of the college. This oration has frequently been spoken by the most eminent physicians of the day.

His life was prolonged scarcely two years beyond this time. He suffered frequently from the gout, which, with the infirmities of age, gradually undermined his powers. He died on the 3d of June, 1657; the disease which immediately caused his death is not mentioned by any of his biographers. His funeral was followed to a considerable distance from town by the fellows of the college. He was buried in the church at Hampstead in Essex.

Of the private character of Harvey not much is known. He is said to have been in his youth of a choleric disposition, but to have afterwards exhibited a mild temper and engaging manners. In his controversial writings he displayed great candour and lenity, even when pro

voked by abuse and detraction. He is said to have been very well informed on general subjects, and to have had an extensive knowledge of classical authors. The style of his own writing is by no means faultless, but is plain and free from those ornaments which are often only blemishes in a scientific work. As a practitioner of medicine he was not very highly esteemed; his anatomical and physiological studies must have interfered materially with his means of acquiring medical experience. An elegant edition of his works, in quarto, was published by the college of physicians, in the year 1766; with an engraved portrait, and a life of the author by Dr Laurence.'

Enigo Jones.

BORN a. d. 1572.—died a. D. 1653.

THIS celebrated English architect was born in London, in 1572. His father was a reputable citizen, a cloth-worker by trade, and of the Roman Catholic persuasion. Webb, the nephew and pupil of our artist, says, "there is no certain account in what manner he was brought up, or who had the task of instructing him." He is said to have been at first apprenticed to a joiner, but to have early exhibited so much skill in drawing as to have attracted the notice of the earl of Pembroke, who sent him to Italy to complete his studies. Walpole says that the earl of Arundel also patronized the young artist. But Allan Cunningham sees no reason to suppose that the expenses of his foreign travel were not defrayed by his own family. How long he remained in Italy is not exactly known. Webb intimates that he acquired a high reputation amongst the artists of that country, and that he was employed not unfrequently in designing architectural works for the Italian nobility. It is certain, that on the strength of the reputation he had acquired in Italy, he was invited by Christian IV. to Denmark, and received the appointment of architect to his majesty.

In 1605, we find Jones at Oxford, and employed in getting up a grand masque, with which the university had determined to welcome King James. Soon after this he was appointed architect to Queen Aune and to Prince Henry, and removed to court to aid Ben Jonson in planning and preparing those magnificent masques which were first introduced at Whitehall by the Danish princess, and which gave such lustre to the court of England. The following is the account given by Jonson of his colleague's part in one of these stately pageants :"For the scene"-in the masque of Blackness-" was drawn a landscape consisting of small woods, and here and there a void place filled with huntings; which falling, an artificial sea was seen to shoot forth as if it flowed to the land, raised with waves which seemed to move, and in some places the billows to break, as imitating that orderly disorder which is common in nature. In front of this sea were placed six Tritons, in moving and sprightly actions; their upper parts human, save that their hairs were blue, as partaking of the sea colour-their desi1 Works, 1766.-Aikin's Dict.-Murray.-Hutchinson.- Hooper's Med. Dict.— Baillie's Posthumous Works. Lives of Eminent Artists, vol. iv. p. 76.

nent parts fish, mounted above their heads, and all varied in disposition. From their backs were borne out certain light pieces of taffeta, as if carried by the wind, and their music made out of wreathed shells. Behind these a pair of sea-maids, for song, were as conspicuously seated; between which two great sea-horses, as big as the life, put forth themselves, the one mounting aloft, and writhing his head from the other; upon their backs Oceanus and Niger were advanced. Oceanus presented in a human form, the colour of his flesh blue, and shadowed with a robe of sea-green; his head grey and horned, as he is represented by the ancients, his beard of the like mixed colour; he was garlanded with sea-grass, and in his hand a trident. Niger in form and colour of an Ethiop; his hair and rare beard curled, shadowed with a blue and bright mantle; his front, neck, and wrists, adorned with pearl, and crowned with an artificial wreath of cane and paper rush. These induced the masquers, which were twelve nymphs, negroes, and the daughters of Niger, attended by so many of the Oceania, which were their light-bearers. The masquers were placed in a great concave shell, like mother-of-pearl, curiously made to move on those waters, and rise with the billow; the top thereof was struck with a cheveron of lights, which indented to the proportion of the shell, struck a glorious beam upon them as they were seated one above another, so that they were all seen, but in an extravagant order. On sides of the shell did swim six huge sea-monsters, varied in their shapes and dispositions, bearing on their backs the twelve torch-bearers who were planted there in several graces, so as the backs of some were seen, some in purple or side, others in face, and all having their lights burning out of whilks or murex shells. The attire of the masquers was alike in all; the colours, azure and silver, but returned on the top with a scroll and antique dressing of feathers and jewels, interlaced with ropes of pearl. And for the front, ear, neck, and wrists, the ornament was of the most choice and orient pearl, but setting off from the black. For the light-bearers, sea-green waved about the skirts with gold and silver; their hair loose and flowing, garlanded with sea-grass, and that stuck with branches of coral. These thus presented; the scene behind seemed a vast sea, and united with this that flowed forth, from the termination or horizon of which, (being the head of the state, which was placed in the upper end of the hall,) was drawn by the lines of perspective, the whole work shooting downwards from the eye, which decorum made it more conspicuous, and caught the eye afar off with a wondering beauty, to which was added an obscure and cloudy night-piece that made the whole set off. So much for the bodily part, which was of Master Inigo Jones's design and art."

On the death of Prince Henry in 1612, Jones again visited Italy but he does not appear to have remained long abroad. On his return to London, he was made surveyor of his majesty's works. The following notices of our architect, at this period of his fortunes, are curious in themselves, and highly honourable to Jones :-" The office of his majesty's works," says his son-in-law," of which he was supreme head, having through extraordinary occasions, in the time of his predecessor, contracted a great debt, amounting to several thousand pounds, he was sent for to the lords of the privy council, to give them his opinion what course might be taken to ease his majesty of it, the

exchequer being empty, and the workmen clamorous. When he, of his own accord, voluntarily offered not to receive one penny of his own entertainment, in what kind soever due, until the debt was fully discharged; and this was was not only performed by him, himself, but upon his persuasion the comptroller and paymaster did the like also, whereby the whole arrears were discharged.' This Roman disinterestedness, as Walpole calls it, proves that the architect had other means of subsistence than his salary as surveyor; but he was never rich; and though he is upbraided by Philip, Lord Pembroke, with having sixteen thousand a year for keeping the palaces in repair, there is no proof that the bargain was profitable, or that he gained more than the bare government pay of 8s. 4d. per day, with an allowance of £46 a year for house rent, besides a clerk, and incidental expenses. What greater rewards he had are not upon record,' observes Walpole, considering the havoc made in offices and repositories during the great civil war, we are glad at recovering the most trivial notices.' His savings could not be large from his salary, and he was too generous to profit by the liberal spirit of his master, who was the poorest king of the richest nation in Europe. Of his modesty respecting the perquisites of his place, there is a proof which no one will doubt; viz., a written testimony by King James in the British Museum. 'Whereas,' says this document, 'there is due unto Inigo Jones, esquire, surveyor of his majesty's works, the sum of thirty-eight pounds, seven shillings and sixpence, for three years arrears of his levy out of the wardrobe, as appeareth by three several debentures; these are therefore to will and require you to make payment unto the said Inigo Jones, or his assignees and for so doing this shall be your warrant.' For three years the king was unable to pay the annual price of his surveyor's livery; and the latter had the modesty and the forbearance to wait till accident, or the tardy liberality of the Commons, replenished the exchequer with the sum of £38 7s. 6d." 3

Hitherto we have heard nothing of Jones as an architect. He had, doubtless, designed many private mansions for the English nobility before this period, but there is much doubt about the earlier works attributed to him. James, however, was resolved to have a palace whose magnificence should be worthy of the second Solomon, and in Jones he found an artist equal to the task of designing an unrivalled structure. The original design of Whitehall, as shown in Kent's sketches, was a truly splendid one; it was utterly beyond the capacity of James's treasury to execute, and it is to be regretted that the artist's ideas still exist only in the portfolio, with the exception of one beautiful fragment, the Banquetting-house, of which the foundation was laid in 1619, and which has ever been admired for the elegance and justness of its proportions.

In 1620, Jones, in obedience to the king's request, set about examining that remarkable monument of a remote age, Stonehenge, near Wilton. His investigation was minute and laborious, but terminated in the extraordinary conclusion, that in Stonehenge we behold the remains of a Roman temple of the Tuscan order, dedicated to Cœlus!

In 1633, we find Jones actively engaged in superintending the repairing the cathedral of St Paul's. Walpole says, that in this task the

III.

Lives of Eminent Artists, vol. iv. p. 98.
2 N