224. Synopsis of the Second Person Singular, with THOU.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

Pres. Thou art.

Imp. Thou wast.

Perf. Thou hast been.
Plup. Thou hadst been.

1 Fut. Thou shalt or wilt
be.

2 Fut. Thou wilt have been.

POTENTIAL MOOD. Pres. Thou mayst, canst, or must be. Imp. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst, or shouldst be.

Perf. Thou mayst, canst, or must have been.

Plup. Thou mightst, couldst, wouldst or shouldst have been.

XIV. QUESTIONS ON THE FOREGOING CONJUGATION. Q. Why is am a verb? (158.) What is it sometimes called? (222.) Why is it so called? (222.)

Q. Will you give the synopsis of the verb to be with I through the indicative mood?

Q. Will you conjugate am in the present indicative? Imperfect? Perfect? Pluperfect? 1 Future? 2 Future? Present potential? Imper fect? Perfect? Pluperfect?

Q. In what mood, tense, number, and person, is, "I am ?" "Am I?" "You were?" "I have been ?" "Have you been?" "He may or can be?" "We should be ?" "He may have been?" " They should have been?" "Thou shouldst have been?" "Thou mayst be?" Q. Will you repeat the synopsis with thou?

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"The girls were industrious."

225. Were is a VERB; it implies action or being-NEUTER; it is neither active nor passive, expressing simply beingINDICATIVE MOOD; it simply indicates or declares a thingIMPERFECT TENSE; it expresses past time-" 1. I was; 2. You were; 3. He was. Plur. 1. We were; 2. You were; 3. They were, or girls were"-made in the THIRD PERSON plural, because its nominative girls is, with which it agrees, agreeably to RULE VII. A verb must agree with its nominative case in number and person.

Industrious is an ADJECTIVE, a word joined with a noun to describe it" industrious, more industrious, most industrious" -in the POSITIVE DEGREE; it describes, without any compari son-and belongs to the noun girls, according to

RULE IV. Adjectives belong to the nouns which they de scribe.

For the and girls, apply RULES III. and VI.

EXERCISES IN PARSING CONTINUED.

"William is attentive.'

"John is studious."

"We are jealous." "Thou art dutiful."

"Am I young?".

"Was I wrong?"

66 Have we been wicked?"
"Were they penitent ?"

Mary has been intelligent."
The boys will have been dutiful."
Their estate was small."

"Washington was patriotic." "Columbus was enterprising." "My wife's mother is sick.'

XV. OF THE ADVERB.

Q. When I say, "The bird flies swiftly," I do not mean by swiftly t describe bird: what does swiftly describe?

226. The manner of flying.

Q. To what part of speech is swiftly joined in the phrase, "Tho bird fles swiftly?"

227. To the verb flies.

Q. What does the word adverb signify?

228. Joined to a verb.

Q. What, then, shall we call all such words as swiftly?

229. ADVERBS.

Q. "John runs very swiftly." Which word here describes or shows how swiftly John runs ?

230. Very.

Q. What is the word very called, and all such words as qualify or describe adverbs?

231. Adverbs.

Q. "Industrious, more industrious, most industrious." What are more and most called here, and why?

232. Adverbs, because they describe or qualify adjectives.

Q. From the foregoing particulars, what appears to be a proper definition of adverbs?

233. Adverbs are words joined to verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, to qualify or describe them.

Q. "John visits me often, but Thomas oftener." In this example, we see that adverbs may be compared: will you, therefore, compare soon! 234. "Soon, sooner, soonest."

Q. Will you compare wisely?

235. "Wisely, more wisely, most wisely."

Q. How do adverbs ending in ly appear to be compared ?

236. By the adverbs more and most.

Will you in this manner compare admirably? foolishly?

Many adverbs are compared like adjectives of one syllable, as soon above; but there is a very considerable number, the comparison of which is not regulated by any general rule. The following list embraces adverbs variously compared: will you repeat the comparative and superlative of each, as I name the positive?

Badly, or ill,

worse,

more justly,

Superlative.
oftenest.

most.
best.

soonest.

most justly. most wisely. least justly.

worst

238. Note.-Adverbs, though very numerous, may nevertheless be reduced to a lew classes. You will now read with attention the following list, and I will then ask you some questions respecting each class.

3. Of place: as,

2. Of order: as, "First, secondly, thirdly, fourthly, fifthly, lastly, finally," &c. "Here, there, where, elsewhere, anywhere, somewhere, nowhere, nerein, whither, hither, thither, upward, downward, forward, backward, whence, hence, thence, whithersoever," &c.

4. Of time.

Of time present: as, "Now, to-day," &c.

Of time past: as,

ince, long ago," &c.

Already, before, lately, yesterday, heretofore, hitherto, long

Of time to come: as, "To-morrow, not yet, hereafter, henceforth, henceforward, by and by, instantly, presently, immediately, straightways," &c.

Of time indefinite: as, "Oft, often, ofttimes, oftentimes, sometimes, soon, seldom daily, weekly, monthly, yearly, always, when, then, ever, never, again," &c. 5. Of quantity: as, Much, little, sufficiently, how much, how great, enough, abundantly," &c.

6. Of manner or quality: as," Wisely, foolishly, justly, unjustly, quickly, slowly," &c. Adverbs of quality are the most numerous kind; and they are generally formed by adding the termination ly to an adjective or participle, or changing le into ly: as, "Bad, badly; cheerful, cheerfully; able, ably; admirable, admirably."

7. Of doubt: as, "Perhaps, peradventure, possibly, perchance."

8. Of affirmation: as, "Verily, truly, undoubtedly, doubtless, certainly, yea, yes, Burely, indeed, really," &c.

9. Of negation: as, "Nay, no, not, by no means, not at all, in no wise," &c. 10. Of interrogation: as, "How, why, wherefore, whether," &c.

11. Of comparison: as, "More, most, better, best, worse, worst, less, least, very, almost, little, alike," &c.

When a preposition suffers no change, but becomes an adverb merely by its appli. cation: as, when we say, "He rides about;" "He was near falling;" "But do not after lay the blame on me."

There are also some adverbs, which are composed of nouns, and the letter a used instead of at, on, &c. : as, "Aside. a' hirst, afoot, ahead, asleep, aboard, ashore, abed, aground, afloat."

Q. Will you name two adverbs of number? two of order? two of place? two of time present? two of ume past? two of time to come? two of time indefinite? two of quantity? two of manner or quality? two of doubt? two of affirmation? two of negation? two of interrogation? two of comparison? Q. Adjectives describe as well as adverbs: how, then, can you tell one from the other?

239. Adjectives describe nouns, but adverbs describe or qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Q. This fact should be remembered; you shall, therefore, have it in the form of a rule: will you repeat it?

RULE IX.

Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Q. From bad we form the adverb badly: how, then, may a large class ⚫ adverbs be formed?

240. By adding ly to adjectives.

Q. Will you in this manner form an adverb from wise? from great? from sinful?

EXERCISES IN PARSING.

"The bird sings sweetly."

241. Sweetly is an ADVERB, a word used to qualify a verb adjective, or other adverb; in this example it qualifies the verb sings, agreeably to

RULE IX. Adverbs qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Sings, bird and the are parsed as before.

Adverbs qualifying verbs and other adverbs.

"You learn grammar very well."
"The boys write too fast."
"He will come much oftener."

"James writes most elegantly." "I will assist you most cheer fully."

Q. To say, "The cider is-cellar," would make no sense: can you inform me what would make sense?

242. "The cider is in the cellar."

Q. By placing the little word in after cider is, and before cellar, the sentence is rendered complete: what office, then, does in perform?

243. It connects words, and thereby shows the relation between them.

Q. What does the word preposition mean? 244. Placed before.

Q. What, then, may those words like in be called, as they are placed before other words to connect them with words preceding?

245. PREPOSITIONS.

Q. What, then, are prepositions?

246. Prepositions are words used to connect words, and hereby show the relation between them.

Q. Will you mention the prepositions beginning with a? with b? c? d?

e? f? i? n? o? r? t? u? w?