to their Desires in these Parts." "Places," says the charter. More than Jamestown is referred to, and if you include Popham, "divers years" refers to settlement at different times, and Popham and Jamestown were settled the same year. Where better look for those "places" than on Maine soil?

Mr. Sewall maintained that the paved streets were relics of the commercial activities of the Pemaquid country while it was the capital of a ducal State or province.

Massachusetts is also complained of by Mr. Tenney for what he styles the attempt to deny a history to Maine prior to 1620.

ST. NICHOLAS SOCIETY, EXTRACT FROM

the minutes—“So long as this Society endures, the phrase, 'the last of the Knickerbockers,' will have no meaning. Yet, from time to time, as its years in crease, there comes occasion for honoring the memory of some member, gathered to his fathers, who was among the foremost of the Knickerbockers; finished and conspicuous as a specimen of the GREAT RACE that founded this city. Frederic de Peyster was such a man. His lineage runs back more than two and a half centuries, to the dawn of Dutch dominion over Manhattan. His name, not disappearing, as many ancient ones have done, in the marriage of female heirs, descends through six generations, from father to son each a leader of men in his day, and charged with civic trusts, when public life meant honorable fame. Frederic de Peyster upheld nobly the traditions of his line, by devotion to worthy ends of the Dutch sense, honesty, and firmness transmitted by it.

Other records will more fitly inscribe the story of his public service in the field of charity, of finance, of history, of letters.

It is for us to remember, proudly and tenderly, the hours, the speech, the deeds of his within our precincts, that held up to our admiration and love Dutch character as a living force, Dutch manhood in its blended gentleness and strength.

He joined with the most conspicuous men of his prime, forty-seven years ago, in founding this Society; and served it during most of those years in important trusts, holding the office of Treasurer for one year, that of President for one term, and that of Manager for thirty years. In his departure the Society loses a charm of welcome companionship, no less than wisdom of counsel, energy in action, and something of the lustre won from the dignity of a name like his. Yet it counts its gain in a high example of a rounded life, full of good deeds, honored by all good men, inspiring to us in its memory, as it was dear in its presence."

LITERARY NOTICES

THE FOUNDING OF YALE COLLEGE. By FRANKLIN B. DEXTER. Pamphlet, 8vo, pp. 31. New Haven Colony Historical Society: 1882.

GOVERNOR ELIHU YALE. BY FRANKLIN B. DEXTER. 8vo, pp. 21. New Haven: 1882. THE ECCLESIASTICAL CONSTITUTION of Yale COLLEGE. BY SIMEON E. BALDWIN. 8vo, pp. 37. New Haven Colony Historical Society: 1882.

The spirit of critical inquiry which distinguishes these papers, read before the New Haven Colony Historical Society by Professors Dexter and Baldwin, is quite in contrast with the conven

tional style in which the mass of material upon the subject has commonly been written. College

traditions, through a traditional indisposition to disturb them, take deep root, and whoever hacks at them with the axe runs the risk of ostracism. But in the fact that college communities are intelligent we find a guarantee that the main traditions were originally well founded, and in their transmission have suffered slight variation, thus leaving the axeman little material to work upon.

In these papers, which must prove of special interest to graduates of Yale College, the authors give a careful history and review of its origin and status. Noticeable, especially, is the freedom with which they sustain, reject, or qualify parts of the earlier record. The story of the founding, for example, as corrected by Professor Dexter, somewhat impairs the accuracy of what he describes as "the venerable and beautiful tradition of the ten excellent ministers assembling, in 1700, in Mr. Russel's south parlor in Branford," each with a number of books which he dedicated to the college thus established. This, according to President Clap, was the visible act with which it opened its career. Admitting that the tradition has "some basis of truth," Professor Dexter cannot accept it in every detail, and proceeds to show that the project was in an unorganized and imperfect state for more than a year after, and that the date on which the college received its "corporate existence" was October 16, 1701, when the General Court of Connecticut granted it a charter. Furthermore, there is no record of the organization of the trustees prior to that date. As President Clap obtained his information from some of the original trustees, it is difficult to believe that he could have misinterpreted their version of the founding, and we are forced to the conclusion of the writer, that the gift of books by the ten ministers in 1700 may simply have not been so "formal" as represented, nor intended as the official beginning of the institution. But it is good to see how deep and general was the interest among the Connecticut pastors in the new "collegiate school" at that early day, and with what care and generosity it was hedged about in its infancy. Saybrook was fixed upon as its site, "so that all parts of the Connecticut Colony, with the neighboring colony [of Massachusetts], may be best accommodated." In October, 1716, the school was removed to New Haven, its proper home, and a year later the first college house was raised, which is described as "a stupendous architectural monstrosity," long, very narrow, and of a "beautiful cerulean" hue. It was in the effort to erect this building that the school, two years later found and adopted the name which it was to bear in all the future; and here we find Professor Dexter's second paper, on Governor Elihu Yale one of much interest Tracing his somewhat striking career in the service of the East India Company, the writer leads us to the circumstances under which the college came to be christened after him. The fact that Yale was a

New Englander by birth is an explanation in part, for when the college was put to its wits to raise money to complete its first building, Cotton Mather appealed to the Governor, then living like a prince in London, for assistance, which duly coming in generous measure, prompted the linking of his name with the incipient and hard-pressed university.

Upon the question of more moment, namely, the quality of the instruction to be given and the ecclesiastical position of the college, both Professor Dexter and Professor Baldwin insist that while the founders looked to it "as a source whence the colony should obtain a permanent succession of learned ministers," they and those who followed them never lost sight of what may be called its secular utility; and naturally they emphasize the last phrase of the charter, which describes the school as a nursery wherein youth may be instructed in the arts and sciences, who, through the blessing of Almighty God, may be fitted for public employment, both in Church and Civil State." Professor Baldwin deals with this point in extenso. That there was considerable dissatisfaction with the latitudinarian views which Harvard then encouraged is a matter of record, and it is not to be disguised that ministers in Connecticut wished to see a school established which would countenance nothing that was not unequivocally "orthodox;" but the conclusion that, therefore, Yale College was founded to propagate beliefs which Harvard did not, is not strictly correct. In fact, Professor Baldwin shows that the Connecticut trustees deliberately preferred not to make it a part of the organic law of the new institution that any particular kind of theological doctrine should forever be taught in it." Continuing his investigations further, and especially into the standing of the college before the law, and in the light of such legislation that it has required since its founding, the writer joins issue with the traditional supposition in the matter, and holds that Yale has never had such a thing as an ecclesiastical constitution. Not only has it not been at any time restricted to the education of ministers or to ministers of the orthodox faith, but it would appear that the charter does not require that the President and ten of the Fellows shall be "orthodox Congregational min. isters." The fact that unofficial laymen are now admitted into the corporation is an evidence of the flexible character of the college constitution, so far as it has any at all. Indeed, Professor Baldwin likens it to the English constitution, as a growth adapting itself continually to the necessities and tendencies of particular times. The college has become great, justly says the writer, "because she was free."

As much ignorance and misapprehension exists, even among the alumni of the institution, on the subjects treated in these papers, their appearance in printed form is timely. It should be added

that the pamphlets are from the advance sheets of Vol. III. of the "Transactions of the New Haven Colony Historical Society," soon to be issued.

TURE.

A MANUAL OF HISTORICAL LITERA. Comprising brief descriptions of the most eminent histories in English, French, and German, together with practical suggestions as to methods and courses of historical study, etc. By CHARLES KENDALL ADAMS, LL.D., Professor of History in the University of Michigan. New York: HARPER & BROS., 12mo, pp. 665.

Prof. Adams aims in this work to accomplish two more or less distinct purposes. 64 In the first place," he states in his preface, "it has been my aim to furnish, as best I could, such information about the most desirable books as the historical reader and student is likely to profit by; and in the second to suggest the proper methods and order of using the materials so indicated." Of course the author has been obliged to adopt the method of selection, and in pointing out what he conceives to be the fittest books exposes himself to criticism. He names books enough, that is certain; whether in every case he recommends just the right work is a point which only long and intimate knowledge with universal and special history could determine. Prof. Adams risks something in passing judgment on all that has been written in his prolific department, but of this he seems to have been fully aware, and laborious effort has been the consequence. The result is praiseworthy.

Five-sixths of the work is devoted to ancient, mediaval, and European history. Universal histories are mentioned fully and criticized freely. E. A. Freeman's General Sketch is praised for its "historical and literary workmanship," but exception must be taken as to its arrangement for a text-book. Rollin's Ancient History was long since properly discarded, although we cannot agree with the author that "it has scarcely a single merit to recommend it." Gibbon's Rome receives fulsome praise as "the greatest historical work ever written." Hume's England, in point of clearness, elegance, and simplicity of style, has never been surpassed," yet abounds in "gross errors;" and in much the same method the author goes through a very numerous list, giving the merits and defects of the historians.

The last hundred pages of the Manual are devoted to histories of the United States, and it is gratifying to note the attention paid to this department, although we are not sure that it is not open to improvement. Jones' Tory History of New York, for example, is mentioned, while William Smith's earlier and more important work

receives no notice. The biographies of George Cabot, John Randolph, and Elbridge Gerry are honored with a selection to the exclusion of those of John Jay, Gouverneur Morris, Edward Liv. ingston, Aaron Burr, Salmon P. Chase, and other national or leading characters. Lafayette's "Memoirs," containing, among other historical matters, a most interesting and valuable correspondence with Washington, is likewise omitted. The suggestions to students and readers," however, are satisfactorily full and discriminating, and give any one interested in special periods of our history all the references necessary. While mention is not made of many valuable monographs on important events, the work as a whole is eminently useful to the American student.

DOCUMENTS RELATING TO THE CO. LONIAL HISTORY OF THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY. Edited by WILLIAM A. WHITEHEAD, Corresponding Secretary of the New Jersey Historical Society, etc. Vol. IV. Newark, N. J., 8vo, pp. 464.

This volume covers the administrations of Governor Robert Hunter and President Lewis Morris, 1709-20, and the documents are promiscuous in character but not the less important. There are papers and letters upon the disputed boundary line between New York and New Jersey, the affirmation of Quakers, the trial of pirates, and the doings of the Assembly-all of local interest. This series is compiled and edited by authority of the State of New Jersey, at the request of the State Historical Society. Vol. V. will continue the publication of documents to the year 1738.

ANNOUNCEMENT.-Mr. William L. Stone will soon publish, by subscription, a work of four hundred pages, entitled "The Orderly Book of Sir John Johnson during the Oriskany Campaign, 1777, annotated by William L. Stone; with an Historical Introduction illustrating the Life of Sir John Johnson by Gen. J. Watts de Peyster; and a Tory and Hessian Annex by Col. T. Bailey Myers." The work which, among other illustra tions, will contain a handsome engraving of Sir John in full military dress, is from the press of Joel Munsell's Sons, of Albany, and will appear as one of "Munsell's Historical Series," fully coming up in the excellence of its typographical work to the standard of that series which has made the Munsell press so famous. In the anno tations Mr. Stone, like his father, the late Colonel Stone, neglects no opportunity not only of saying a kind word for the aboriginals, but of sharply criticising the Indian policy of the United States, drawing a contrast between it and that pursued by Canada, by no means flattering to the former government. ase

INDEX

ABBOTT, HENRY L., account of

David Bushnell, 764.
Acadia in the revolution, George J.
Varney, 486.

Adams, Charles Kendall, Manual of
Historical Literature, mentioned, 376;
noticed, 860.

Adams, Herbert B., Plymouth Rock
restored, 789.

Adams, John Quincy, political charac-
ter of, Hugh Hastings, 449; life of,
by John T. Morse, Jr., noticed, 373;
presidential campaign of, 1824, 629.
Agamenticus, Me., charters for the pro-
posed city of, 93.

Alcott, A. Bronson, address on Con-
cord, 709.

Alden, John. memorial, 597; vol. of ser-
mons by, 641.

Algar the Dane, noticed, 375.
Allan, Col. John, operations in Nova
Scotia in the revolution, 491.
Allen, Ethan, charged with treason, 201,
221. 439.

Allen, Zachariah, death of, 230.
Almanac, the first, in America, 148.
America, Sully Prudhomme to, a poem,

35 reply, Emma Lazarus, 36;
manufacture of the first globes in, 143;
the first almanac-maker in, 148; dis-
covery of, by the ancients, 292; most
popular poet, 365; first mention of the
name, 365; remarks on the history of,
449; first wood-engraver, 511, 639, 707,
the scope of American history, 632;
boneless 574; celebrated caverns,
noticed, 713.
American Geographical Society, paper
on Spain and the Straits of Gibraltar,
in 1881, by Judge Daly, 299.
American Journal of Numismatics, no-
ticed, 376.

American Naturalist, noticed, 376.
American Revolution, campaign of the
allied armies, 59; the secret service,
Henry P. Johnston, 95, 290; the
winter at Valley Forge, Henry B.
Carrington, 111, 189; siege of Bos-
ton, 124 Bunker Hill and the cam-
paign of Rochambeau, 143; battle of
the Kegs, 143, 296, 638: New York
continental line in the, 146; disposi-
tion and order of battle of the allied
armies, 146; whale-boat privateers'-
men, 168; battle of Monmouth, 191;
operations in the south, 193; siege of
Yorktown, 195: Sir Henry Clinton's
MSS., 200: British secret service, 201,
223: murder of Miss McCrea, 203;
female camp followers, 225; peace of
1783, 226; proceedings at New York,
1775, 283: Conn. raises troops, 284;
Ticonderoga captured, 284; monu-
ments to be erected by order of Con-
gress, 291; battle of Bemus Heights,
292; cost of the war to France,
294, 439: convention at Saratoga,
297: army at Peekskill, 331; opera-
tions on the Mohawk, 343; Frank-
lin, Rochambeau. and Force papers,
346; execution of Stephen Ball, 356;
Washington's order against gam-

Atlanta, Ga., the campaign against
noticed, 711.

Atlantis, the antediluvian world, no-
ticed, 154.

Austin, Stephen F., his Texas colony,

159.

Austin, Texas, historical sketch of,
noticed, 579.

Avalon colony, founded by Lord Balti-
more, 480.

Axtell, Col. William, made prisoner,
179.

bling, 364; his military family, 365,
514; command at Bunker Hill, 365:
Carrington's battle maps, noticed,
375; the picturesque in the, Davis
Brodhead, 420; proceedings of
Congress, May, 1776, 422; discrimi-
nation against American prisoners,
428 Acadia in the, George J. Var-
ney, 486; the Camden campaign,
497; Mecklenberg declaration, 507;
illicit trade with the British, 509:
Hessian diaries, 509, 577; encamp-
ment at Newburgh, 511; Canada
campaign, 540; Washington crosses
the Delaware 544; operations in the BADGES of merit, 577. 707.
northern department, 1777. 546, 566;
the surprise at Princeton, 550, 681;
army badges of merit, 577; opera-
tions in the Illinois country, 591;
battle of Harlem plains, 627; surren-
der of Col. Rall, 637; evacuation of
Ticonderoga, 681; quota of troops to
be raised by the States, 1780, 690:
Fort Lee, 706, 785: Col. Varick and
Gen. Arnold's treason, H. P. John-
ston, 717; motto "join or die," 768,
855 memorial stones in New York,
784; evacuation of Charleston. S. C.,
1782, 825 seven of the Hewitt
family of Conn. serve in the army,
853 destruction of the King's statue
at New York, 854.
American sailors, ear-rings worn by,

Baldwin. Simeon E., the Ecclesi-
astical constitution of Yale College,
noticed, 858.

149.

Americanistes, proposed publication of
the, 292.

Amory, Martha Babcock, the domestic
and artistic life of John Singleton
Copley, noticed, 371.
Anderson, Alexander, the first Ameri-
can wood-engraver, 511, 639. 707.
André, Maj. John, his charges for se
cret service. 97: bibliography of,
Charles A. Campbell, 61, 145, 149;
the captors of, 144 monument to
his captors, 291; destruction of mon-
ument at Tappan, 291; correspond-
ence with Arnold. 731.
Andreds Weald, the, or the home of
Michelham, noticed, 304.

Anthon, Charles E., Medal of the
Duke of York and Albany, 1665,
581.

Anthropological subjects, articles on,
noticed, 232.

Antietam and Fredericksburg, battles
of, noticed, 153.
Archæological Institute of America,
third annual report, noticed, 715.
Armstrong, John, letter on Braddock's
defeat, 500.

Army of the Cumberland, campaigns,
noticed, 712.

Arnold, Benedict, his declaration, 1775,
120 proceedings of the trial of his
aide-de-camps, Varick and Franks,

Ball, John, letter to Elizabeth Wash-

ington, presenting tea utensils, 213.
Ball, Stephen, executed as a spy, 356.
Baltimore, Lord, colony founded by, in
Newfoundland, 480; penny, 636.
Bancroft, George, review of his history
of the formation of the constitution,
B. F. De Costa, 669, 702; pamphlets
on his history, 706.
Banks, Charles E., Sir Robert Carr in
Maine, 623.

Barber, Col. Francis, burial-place of,

149.

Barto!, C. A., sketch of R. W. Emer-
son, mentioned, 448.
Batesson, Hoeck, N. Y., a weather in-
dicator, 509.

Battle of the Kegs, 143. 296, 638.
Bayard Mansion, N. Y., 360.
Beardsley, E. Edwards, the Mohegan
land controversy, noticed, 714.
Bee, Capt. William, sword of, 300.
Beers, William A., Roger Ludlowe, the
father of Conn. jurisprudence, 264;
address at Fairfield, noticed, 711;
John Jones, first minister of Fair-
field, noticed, 714; address on ser-
vices of Major Nathan Gold, noticed,

Black-horse tavern, N. Y., location of
the, 39, 40, 43, 46.

Blanchard, Mrs. A. G., a descendant
of La Salle, 141.

Blanchard, Rufus. Abraham Lincoln,
the type of American genius, noticed,
375.