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these; as, The house of my friend; that is, the house belonging to my friend: He died of a fever; that is, in consequence of a fever. To or unto is opposed to from; as, He rode from Salisbury to Winchester.

For indicates the cause or motive of any action or circumstance, &c. as, He loves her for (that is on account of) her amiable qualities.

By is generally used with reference to the cause, agent, means,&c. as, He was killed by a fall; that is, a fall was the cause of his being killed: This house was built by him; that is, he was the builder of it. With denotes the act of accompanying, uniting, &c. as, We will go with you: They are on good terms with each other. With also alludes to the instrument or means; as, he was cut with a knife.

In relates to time, place, the state or manner of being or acting, &c. as, He was born in (that is, during) the year 1820: He dwells in the city: She lives in affluence.

Into is used after verbs that imply motion of any kind; as, He retired into the country: Copper is converted into brass.

Within relates to something comprehended in any place or time; as they are within the house: He began and finished his work within the limited time.

The signification of without is opposite to that of within; as, She stands without the gate. But it is more frequently opposed to with; as you may go without me.

Prepositions are sometimes used as adverbs, and may be denominated such; as, He passed by about twelve o'clock: They had their reward soon after; He dwells above. But if the nouns of time

and place be added, they then take the character of prepositions; as, He passed by this place: They had their reward soon after that time.

Prepositions sometimes have the appearance and effect of conjunctions; as, After he had said this he dismissed the assembly: They made haste to be prepared against their friends arrived. When thus used they may be properly called conjunctions, or conjunctive adverbs."

Sometimes several words taken together have the meaning and force merely of a single preposition; as, He came out of curiosity; i.e. he came from curiosity: As to his property I know very little; i.e. I know very little concerning his property: But for your interference, I should have succeeded; i.e. without your interference, I should have succeeded. Such may be called compound prepositions. If however, these compounds be analysed, the second particle may be called a preposition and the first an adverb qualifying it. For, by recurring to the above examples, it will be perceived that in every instance, the first particle fits the other to sustain in a better manner its office in the sentence; consequently it does, in a sense qualify it.

OF CONJUNCTIONS.

A conjunction is a part of speech that is chiefly used to connect sentences, so as out of two or more sentences, to make but one. It sometimes connects only words.

It is called a conjunction because it conjoins or unites together.

Conjunctions are principally divided into two sorts, the copulative and the disjunctive.

The conjunction copulative serves to connect or

to continue a sentence by expressing an addition, a supposition, a cause, &c. as, He and his brother reside in London; I will go if he will accompany me: You are happy because you are good.

The conjunction disjunctive serves not only to connect and continue the sentence, but also to express opposition of meaning in different degrees; as, Though he was frequently reproved, yet he did not reform: They came with her, but went away without her.

The following is a list of the principal conjunctions: The copulative: And, that, wherefore, if, both, then, since, for, because, therefore.

The disjunctive: But, or, nor, than, lest, though, unless, either, neither, yet, notwithstanding.

The same word is occasionally used both as a conjunction, and as an adverb; and sometimes as a preposition; as, Ask, then you shall receive; then is here a conjunction; in the following phrase, it is an adverb: He arrived then and not before.

I submitted, for it was in vain to resist; in this sentence for is a conjunction; in the next it is a preposition: He contended for victory only. In the first of the following sentences since is a conjunction; in the second it is a preposition; and in the third it is an adverb: Since we must part, let us do it peaceably: I have not seen him since that time: Our friendship commenced long since.

The word before may also be used as a conjunction, preposition, or adverb. When it simply connects two members of a sentence, it is a conjunction; when it shows the relation between two words and governs an object, it is a preposition; when it has reference to time merely, it is an adverb.

So that, and so as,* and some others, are sometimes used as compound conjunctions; as, The business, though not fully accomplished, was put in favorable train, so that our exertions were not useless. "My soul thirsteth to see thy power, and thy glory, so as I have seen thee in the sancPsalms. tuary." Should either of these compound conjunctions be analysed, the first particle must be considered as an adverb, qualifying the verb in the preceding member of the sentence; and the second a conjunction.

Indeed, when taken as compound words, they evidently have the properties of these two parts of speech. Take for instance the last example: To see thy glory, so as I have seen thee in the sanctuary. So as here performs the office of an adverb of manner, and also connects the two members of the sentence. The idea is, To see thy glory in the manner I have seen it in the sanctu

ary.

The phrase, as well as, is often used as a compound conjunction, as, His talents, as well as his acquirements, were of a high order. This compound has also the properties of an adverb and conjunction; and should it be analysed, the particle well would be an adverb qualifying the verb were, the first as would be an adverb qualifying well, and the second as a conjunction connecting the two parts of the sentence; as will be seen by changing the construction, and placing the two adverbial particles with the verb; as, His talents were as well of a high order as his acquire

ments.

*Such compounds, and also the phrase as well as, may properly be called adverbial conjunctions.

Relative pronouns, as well as conjunctions, serve to connect sentences; as, Blessed is the man who feareth the Lord, and keepeth his commandments.

Relatives are not so useful in language as conjunctions. The former make speech more concise; the latter make it more explicit. Relatives comprehend the meaning of a pronoun and conjunction copulative; conjunctions, while they couple sentences, may also express opposition, inference, and many other relations and dependencies.

OF INTERJECTIONS.

Interjections are words thrown in between the parts of a sentence, to express the passions or emotions of the speaker; as; O !I have alienated my friend: alas! I fear for life: O virtue! how amiable thou art!

The English interjections, as those of other languages, are comprised within a small compass. They are of different sorts, according to the different passions which they serve to express. Those which intimate earnestness or grief, are Oh! ah! alas! Such as are expressive of contempt, are pish! tush! of wonder, heigh! really! strange! of calling, hem! ho! of aversion or disgust, foh! fie! away! of a call of the attention, lo! behold! hark! of requesting silence, hush! hist! of salutation welcome! hail! all-hail! Besides these, several others, frequently in the mouths of the multitude, might be enumerated; but in a grammar of a cultivated tongue, it is unnecessary to expatiate on such expressions of passion as are scarcely worthy of being ranked among the branches of artificial language.

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