Modern Metallurgical Texts, Issue 5

achieved alloys aluminium amount angle annealing austenite bending billet blank blankholder coefficient of friction cold rolling compression considerable copper cracking deep drawing dependent diameter direction ductility edges effect elastic elongation Equation extrusion pressure factors fibres film force forging fracture furnace grain hardening heat hot rolling increase influence ingot inhomogeneous deformation initial involved latter length lubricant mandrel material maximum measured mechanical properties metal flow mild steel mill occurs operation oxide pass plane plane strain plastic deformation produce punch radius reduction relatively residual stress roll gap roll throat rolling load shape shear stress sheet shown in Fig shows slab speed strain curve strain rate strength strip structure temper rolling temperature tensile strength tension testpiece texture thickness tion ton/in² tube usually variations various vary whilst width wire drawing yield strength yield stress