Nore on the 4th of October 1780, having been abfent very near four years and a quarter.

It is impoffible not to take notice, that the death of Captain Cook made a very material change in the management of affairs. The foul of discovery glimmered, like a taper in the focket, with the life of Clerke; but after his death, no portion of the spirit of Elijah appears to have refted on Elisha. It is much to be regretted, that the hand which records did not direct the tranfactions of this voyage after Cook's death.

ART. VIII. The Antiquities of England and Wales, being a Collection of Views of the most remarkable Ruins and ancient Buildings, accurately drawn on the Spot. To each View is added, an Hiftorical Account of its Situation; when, and by whom, built; with every interefting Circumftance relating thereto; and, in order to render this Work a complete Introduction to the Study of every Species of our national Antiquities, a concise Description is given of the feveral Kinds of Druidical Monuments. By Francis Grofe, Efq; F. A. S. Vols. I, and II. In large 8vo, on fine Imperial Paper. With a beautiful Type, caft by Caflon, on purpose for this Work. Published in Numbers at 1s. 6d, each *. Hooper. 1784.

T is with pleasure that we now prefent to the curious, and particularly to the lovers of British antiquities, an account of a new edition of Captain Grofe's elegant and accurate VIEWS of remarkable British Ruins, and ancient Buildings, &c. Our Readers may, probably, recollect our Review of the first edition in quarto (See M. R. Nov. 1773, p. 378.; March 1775, p. 233.; and Sept. 1776, p. 199.) when we liberally commended this pleafing work to the notice and patronage of the Public and the Public, we understand, have not been wanting in a due attention to its merit.

Mr. Grose, we find, has, with unremitted labour and affiduity, continued his researches into the antiquities of this coun try, fince his completion of the four volumes in quarto; in order to render his undertaking as full and perfect as the nature of the collection will admit; and, accordingly, a new edition is now offered to the Public, on a plan which, the ingenious Author conceives, is better adapted to a work of this kind, than that of the former impreffion; and many valuable additions are alfo made, as improvements on the original defign.

In the quarto edition, the engravings being placed at the head of the page, gave the work an appearance not altogether to its advantage, in point of elegance: in the prefent edition, we are glad to fee the plates worked off on a separate leaf, and placed oppofite to their respective defcriptions. The defcriptions, themselves, are alfo, now, more uniformly printed, with respect to the fize of the letter: a circumstance which the for

*Price of Vol. I. 11. 75. of Vol. II. 11. gs. 6d.

mer

mer edition could not boaft, because the fubject-matter *, whether longer or fhorter, being confined to one leaf, ohliged the printer to use a larger or a smaller type, to fuit the quantity of his manufcript copy.

With regard to arrangement, the antiquities are now conti, nued in alphabetical county order, and regularly paged; a convenience wanted in the larger edition: and which was, certainly, a great defect.

The additions to the Author's learned, ample, and entertaining Preface are many and various. Confiderable explanatory matter is interwoven; and Mr. Grofe hath introduced a moft curious ancient code of military laws, compiled in the year 1452, for the government of the English army then in France, and enacted by Henry V. with the advice of his Peers, Lords, and Nobles.' This code is decorated by a good plate of ancient armour, exhibiting fifteen well-executed figures, in full fuits, and in the feparate parts: with an explanation.

The Preface concludes with the addition of the various Druidical monuments, found in this country. There are five additional plates belonging to the Preface. The firft, by way of frontifpiece, exhibits a beautiful view of Lindisfarne, or Holy Iland-Monaftery, in Northumberland; preferving the former idea † of History and Time in converfation,-which is happily adapted to the fubject. The fecond additional engraving is the print of armory, juft mentioned. The 3d and 4th plates give us representations of Gothic columns and frizes; and the 5th is explanatory of the Druidical monuments.

A complete Index to the Prefatory Difcourfe is added; which, from the great variety of matter arifing from the fubjects here difcuffed, was much wanted. In the former edition, it was difficult, without fuch a guide, to turn, occafionally, to any particular part of this very elaborate difquifition.

We cannot conclude this brief fketch of a very great work, without reflecting on the prodigious number of monaftic and other ecclefiaftical, as well as military antiquities, repretented in Mr. Grole's amazing collection. But their multiplicity will be eafily accounted for by the hiftorian. The Border-wars, the Feudal tenures, the Civil wars, and religious fuperftition, have

*We may now venture to ufe this phrafe, having no longer the fear of our departed friend (the late Dr. Armstrong) before our eyes: for he never could endure that nally fubject-matter!"

66

Vid. Frontispiece to the first volume, quarto edition. We wish, by way of hint to Mr. Grofe, that he would give us drawings of fome of the larger picturefque ruins, as frontifpieces to each of the fucceeding volumes; which would greatly add to the elegance of the work.

been,

been, at different periods, the causes of Great Britain's boafting, perhaps, a greater number and variety of magnificent ancient buildings, than any other kingdom in Europe. For, the jealoufy, pride, and power of the barons and other great men, all warriors, under the feudal fyftem, obliged them to erect the ftrongest and most complicated fortreffes; being well affured that their opponents would, on the firft occafion, enforce the lex talionis, with the utmoft feverity. As to the church, the exceffive, mistaken charities and donations of the times, from Edgar to Richard I. have founded a monaftery in almoft every pleafant and fruitful vale, throughout the kingdom.

*** We find, by the Publisher's advertisements, that Mr. Grofe goes on with his Supplement to the quarto edition; of which 15 Numbers are published: and we give this information, for the fatisfaction of those who are poffeffed of the four volumes which were compleated fome years ago. See Rev. Vol. LV. p. 199.

N. B. For an account of Captain Grofe's feparate publication of "PLANS of the Antiquities of England and Wales," fee the volumes of our Review juft referred to, p. 203.

ART. IX. TOBERNI BERGMAN Chemia Profefforis, &c. Opufcula Phyfica et Chemica. Vol. III. 8vo. pp. 490. Upfaliæ. 1783.

THE

HIS valuable collection contains nine differtations, numbered in fucceffion after thofe of the fecond volume, which finishes with the 25th. Of thefe the numbers 26, 29, and 31, were fometime fince publifhed feparately as Academical differtations; and of the firft of them, de Analyfi Ferri, a French tranflation, with notes and additions by M. Grignion, appeared laft year at Paris. The numbers 28 and 30 are inferted in the volume of the Stockholm Tranfactions, for the year 1781; and all the reft are contained in the 2d, 3d, and 4th volumes of the Upfal Tranfactions. Among thefe the 33d, being the very important one on Electrive Attractions, has not only been tranflated into French and German, but the tables belonging to it, as first published, have twice been re-engraven in England.

XXVI. Of the Analysis of Iron.

In this treatife the learned Profeffor, after having enumerated the feveral varieties of crude and malleable iron, and of fteel, all differing in their various degrees of hardness, ductility, tenacity, and elafticity, enquires into the caufes of thefe varieties, which he derives either from extraneous admixtures, fuch as fulphur, plumbago, arfenic, zinc, or manganefe; or from the various proportions of the conftituent principles of the metal. Reasoning

Reasoning hereupon from the analogy of arfenic, which is now allowed to confift of a radical acid fui generis and phlogifton, he feems inclined to admit that all metals are a fimilar compound; and that the different proportions of phlogifton are a principal cause of most of the varieties we obferve in them. Pursuing this idea, he instituted a set of experiments, with a view to explore the quantity of metallizing phlogifton (phlogiston reducens *)_contained in the different forts of iron. In the liquid procefs, he deduces the quantity of phlogifton in the metal jointly from the quantities of inflammable air yielded by its folutions in the vi triolic, nitrous, and muriatic acids, from the times in which thofe quantities are yielded, and from the loss of weight of certain quantities of iron, when applied to precipitate filver diffolved in nitrous acid. The dry proceffes are fufion and cementation. The principal refults of a multiplicity of experiments are, that crude iron contains the lefs phlogifton the lefs charcoal hath been used in the reduction. That, in general, crude iron contains the leaft phlogifton; fteel more, and malleable iron moft. What has here chiefly attracted our notice is, the part that relates to the formation of steel, which cannot be understood without a familiar acquaintance with the nature of plumbago, and of the substances in which it is contained. To enter into this difquifition would lead us far beyond our limits; fuffice it therefore only to obferve, that fteel may be made both of crude and malleable iron. In the first cafe, the combination between the aerial acid and the phlogifton in the plumbago it contains is to be destroyed, whereby the particles of iron will be impregnated with the latter element. In the fecond cafe, the over-abundant phlogifton in the iron, is to be abforbed by faturating it with aerial acid, and thus forming an additional quantity of plumbago.

The quantities of fpecific or elementary fire contained in each fort of iron is next investigated, by means of the fenfible heat they indicate in their feveral folutions. The refults of a number of experiments combined with those relating to the phlogifton and plumbago are, that crude iron contains moft plumbago and elementary fire, and the leaft phlogifton; malleable iron, on the contrary, the moft phlogifton, and the leaft plumbago and elementary fire; and that steel holds a mean between these two in every respect.

t

In a fection which treats more particularly of the above men

*By this is meant the quantities of phlogifton that constitute the difference between the calx and the metal. The quantity of phlogifton that converts the radical metallic acids into calces, on the hypothefis of fuch radical acids, is diftinguished by the name of Coagu lating phlogiston.

tioned extraneous admixture of iron, we find a procefs for difcovering, by means of nitre, the prefence of manganese in alt forts of iron; and by means of vinegar, the quantity of it in each fort. Experiments were accordingly made, which afcertain this quantity in the crude and malleable iron and feel. The proportion of the other fuppofed ingredients, viz. arfenic, zinc, and fulphur, were in most varieties found to be fo fmall as fcarce to deferve notice. The refidua of different forts of iron, after folution in vitriolic acid, are next examined: they are found to confift chiefly of plumbago and filicious earth. From a general furvey of all the foregoing experiments (no less than 254 in number) our Author deduces fynoptical tables of the different proportions of the conftituent parts of the five principal forts of iron, viz. crude iron, fteel, malleable iron, and of this laft the redfhort and cold-fhort. The ingredients in them all are the fili cious earth, plumbago, manganefe, the calx of iron, phlogifton, and elementary fire. Other admixtures he confiders as merely adventitious; and above all, he explodes the general opinion, that the brittleness of the cold fhort iron is owing to the prefence of either arfenic, zinc, or fulphur.

Several attempts were made wholly to dephlogisticate the calx of iron, but it was found, that it can indeed be deprived of fomewhat more than its metallizing phlogiston; but that no procefs is yet known to expel the whole of the coagulating phlogifton, fo as to arrive at the pure radical acid. Our Author, however, does not despair of effecting this purpose, not only in the inftance of iron, but alfo in that of all other metals. In the 11th, or laft fection on magnetifm, it is proved, that some phlogifton is indeed neceffary to render iron fenfible to the loadftone; but not near fo much as is required to reduce the calai even into crude iron.

XXVII. Of the Caufe of the Brittleness of cold Iron.

In the preceding treatise it was found, that this brittleness is not owing to any of the adventitious ingredients, to which it has been hitherto ufually afcribed; but that, in fome folutions of cold-fhort iron, a white fediment, of a peculiar fort, was depofited, which was then procured in too fmall a quantity, toadmit of any particular examination. Prof. Bergman, in this differtation, afferts, that this fediment is actually the calx of a new femi metal; which, from its appearing hitherto to be parti cularly contained in fome fpecies of iron ores (the bog ore, &c.) he thinks fit to diftinguish by the name of Siderum; and adds, that this fubftance always communicates a brittleness to iron when cold, and that no other mixture has the fame effect-Our Author defcribes many other properties of this fubftance: it may be feparated by acids: when dephlogisticated, it is itself oft an acid nature: its regulus is white, brittle, and feems in many,

refpects