Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 105
... Vietnam . Washington began to receive urgent requests from General Westmoreland , the United States military commander in Vietnam , for more and more ground troops . At the end of July , when the decision was made to approve a huge ...
... Vietnam . Washington began to receive urgent requests from General Westmoreland , the United States military commander in Vietnam , for more and more ground troops . At the end of July , when the decision was made to approve a huge ...
Page 121
... Vietnam by means of bombing raids during 1964 and early 1965. In the book on the Pentagon Papers published by The New York Times , Neil Sheehan's summary of ... Vietnam War and interviewed more than forty Escalation of the Vietnam War 121.
... Vietnam by means of bombing raids during 1964 and early 1965. In the book on the Pentagon Papers published by The New York Times , Neil Sheehan's summary of ... Vietnam War and interviewed more than forty Escalation of the Vietnam War 121.
Page 337
... Vietnam War and , 89 , 115 , 120. See also Advisory group ( Johnson's ) in Vietnam War escalation Barkley , Alben W. , 66 Bay of Pigs invasion air strike , 21-22 , 25 brigade morale , 22 CIA and , 14 , 15 , 22 , 23-26 , 30-31 , 34 , 40 ...
... Vietnam War and , 89 , 115 , 120. See also Advisory group ( Johnson's ) in Vietnam War escalation Barkley , Alben W. , 66 Bay of Pigs invasion air strike , 21-22 , 25 brigade morale , 22 CIA and , 14 , 15 , 22 , 23-26 , 30-31 , 34 , 40 ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco forces group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan issues Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader major Marshall Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Navy group Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary shared sion social Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter