Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 4
Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes Irving Lester Janis. by two ... group solidarity increases when clashes arise with out - groups . Kurt Lewin ... of in- dividuals faces a common source of external stress , such FIASCOES.
Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes Irving Lester Janis. by two ... group solidarity increases when clashes arise with out - groups . Kurt Lewin ... of in- dividuals faces a common source of external stress , such FIASCOES.
Page 5
... in military combat . Some researchers are beginning to con- sider the effects on group solidarity of subtler sources of stress , such as those ... to take . Conceptions of political decision - making Group dynamics is still Introduction 5.
... in military combat . Some researchers are beginning to con- sider the effects on group solidarity of subtler sources of stress , such as those ... to take . Conceptions of political decision - making Group dynamics is still Introduction 5.
Page 257
Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes Irving Lester Janis. under discussion . " Since our group's objectives are good , " the members feel , " any means we decide to use must be good . " This shared assumption helps the ...
Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes Irving Lester Janis. under discussion . " Since our group's objectives are good , " the members feel , " any means we decide to use must be good . " This shared assumption helps the ...
Contents
Why So Many Miscalculations? | 2 |
The Bay of Pigs | 14 |
The Wrong | 48 |
Copyright | |
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Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco forces group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan issues Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs judgment Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader major Marshall Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Navy group Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary shared sion social Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group Wohlstetter