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definite pronoun used as a noun ?

Q. Will you fill up with pronouns suitable to make sense the following phrases? "When Harriet found book,- tore, and then flung merchandise,"

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man likes

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farm,

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Q. Will you compose a proper example under Rule I.? One under Rule II.? Rule III.? Rule IV.? Rule V.? Rule VI.?

XXXV. OF RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

408. In the sentence, "That man is happy, who lives virtuously," the word who is a pronoun, because it stands for a noun (the noun man), and it is a relative, because it relates or refers to this noun in the same sentence: hence, 409. A relative pronoun is a word that usually stands for some noun before it in the same sentence.

410. There are three relative pronouns, viz. 411. WHO, WHICH, and THAT.

412. Who is used in speaking of persons; as, who came."

"The man

413. Which is used in speaking of animals or things; as, "The bird which sings,' The tree which I planted.'

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414. Which, however, is used in speaking of persons, when we wish to distinguish one of two individuals, or a particular person among many others as, "Which of the two is he? Which of them has ?" gone

415. That, as a relative, is often used, in speaking either of persons or things, in the place of who or which; as,

"The boy that reads," or, "The boy who reads;" "The bird that flew," or "The bird which flew ;" "The bench that was made," or, "The bench which was made."

That is used in preference to who or which, in the following cases

1. In speaking both of persons and things; as, "The man and the beas that I saw, perished."

2. In speaking of children; as, "The child that I met."

3. After the adjective same; as, "He is the same man that we saw yester. day."

4. After the superlative degree; as, "He is the wisest man that the world ever produced."

5. After the relative who; as, "Who that reflects."

415-1. EXCEPTION. That, as a relative, cannot take the preposition im mediately before it ; as, "He is the same man with that you were acquainted." For with that, read with whom. It is remarkable, however, that, when the arrangement is a little varied, the word that admits the preposition; as, "He is the same man that you were acquainted with."

XXXV. In the sentence, "That man is happy, who lives virtuously," what part of speech is who? Why? 408. What kind? Why? 408.

What is a relative pronoun? 409.
Will you name them? 411.

When do we use who? Give an example. 412.

When do we use which? Give an ex

speaking of persons? Give an example.
414.

When may that be used? 415.

Is it correct to say, "The child who"? Why not? "The same man who"? Why not? The wisest man which"? Why not?" Who, who reflects"? Why not 415; 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

What exception is mentioned? 415--1

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We can say, "The man who," or "The men who," using the relative who in speaking either of one man or more than one who, then, is of ooth numbers, and is thus declined:

Nom.
Poss.
Obj.

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417 Which and that are of both numbers, but they are not declined, ex cept that whose is sometimes used as the possessive case of which; as, "Is there any other doctrine whose followers are punished ?"

418. Whose, used in the manner last described, is made to represent three words; as, Philosophy whose end," for "the end of which."

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419. Antecedent signifies going before.

420. The noun or pronoun which goes before the relative, and to which the elative refers, is therefore called the antecedent of the relative; as, "John, who has gone." Here, John is the antecedent of who.

421. When you are told that who, which, and that are relatives, you should not get the impression that the last two are always relatives; for that is a relative only when it is used in the sense of who or which; that is, when who or which may be used in its place, without destroying the sense; as, "Here is the knife that I found," which can be altered to "Here is the knife which I found," without injury to the sense.

422. That, when it points out or specifies some particular person or thing, is reckoned an adjective pronoun. When not used as a relative, nor as an adjective pronoun, it is reckoned a conjunction; as, "He studies that he may learn."

423. Hence it appears that the word that may be used sometimes as a relative pronoun, sometimes as an adjective pronoun, and sometimes as a conjunction.

424. Since relative pronouns stand for nouns, as well as personal pronouns, they should therefore agree with nouns in the same particulars and by the same rule. RULE V. will therefore apply to both.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

“That man is happy who lives virtuously."

425. That is a DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN, of the SINGULAR NUMBER, and belongs to man, by NOTE I.

Who is a RELATIVE PRONOUN, of the MASCULINE GENDER, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with man, by RULE V. It is in the NOMINATIVE CASE to lives, according to RULE VI.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED

"That man is fortunate who es- "I met the same man in the mar

capes censure."

"The girl whom I saw, perished."

How many numbers has who? 416.
Will you decline it? 416-1.
How many numbers have which and
that? Are they declined? 417.

What exception to this? 417.
When whose is used as the possessive
ase of which, how many words does it
represent? Give an example. 418.

What is the meaning of antecedent?

419.

What is the antecedent of a pronoun? Give an example. 420.

Is that always a relative? 421

When is it a relative? Give an exImpl 421.

ket to-day (1.), that I met yesterday in the street."

When is that an adjective pronoun. Give an example. 422.

When a conjunction? Give an exam ple. 422.

How many different parts of speech may that represent? 423.

What is the rule for the agreement o relative pronouns ? 424.

Will you parse that in the phrase, "That man"? 425.

In the sentence, "That man is happy who lives virtuously," will you parse who? 425.

Will you now take the book, and the remaining exercises?

1.) Adverb.

parse

"You, who came first, should re

"That house, which stands on th hill, once (1) belonged to me.'

tire first." “You taught the boy whose hat I "The boy whom I instruct learns found."

well."

SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

"The man which I saw."

426. Incorrect; because, in speaking of persons, who, whose or whom is generally to be used. It should therefore read, “The man whom I saw."

SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED, CONTINUED. "The bird whom I killed had made

her nest."

"The man which visited me has.
left town."
"That man is happy whom is vir-
tuous."

"Thou who are in prosperity must
assist me in adversity."

"He which shuns vice does gen-
erally practise virtue.”
"I, who lives by your charity
should be grateful."

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Q. Will you construct a sentence containing the relative who? One, containing which? One, containing that?

Q. Will you fill up the following sentences with relatives correctly used? "The man sins shall die." "The boy

learn." "The bird

studies will sung so sweetly has flown." Will you fill up the following with one or more words that will make sense? temperance

evils." "If- truth

sorry."

"In

Q. Will you embrace in different sentences, each of the following words? Washington,* Columbus, Captain Cook, Indians, Wisdom, Riches, James Monroe.

December 9: 155

XXXVI OF COMPOUND AND INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS.

427. "I took what you gave me."
"I took that which you gave me."

"I took the thing which you gave me."

"I took those things which you gave me."

428. By examining the foregoing sentences, you will see that the word what, in the first example, means the same as the words in italics in the suc cessive ones: the word what, then, is clearly a pronoun; and because it stands or more than one word, it is called a compound pronoun. The word before the relative which, in the phrase "that which," or "the thing which," is the antecedent of which. Hence,

429. WHAT is a compound relative pronoun, including both the antecedent and the relative, and is generally equivalent to THAT WHICH.

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430. Who, which, and what have sometimes the words ever or soever an nexed (1.) to them and each combination of this sort is called a compound relative; as, whoever, whosoever, whichever, whichsoever, &c. They are not often used.

431. Who, which, and what are called interrogatives, or relatives of the in terrogative kind, when they are used in asking questions; as, "Who is he?' "Which is the book ?" "What are you doing?" These relatives, you per ceive, have no antecedents, but relate to some word or phrase contained in the answer, which is called a subsequent, because it follows after the relative "Whom did you see?" Ans."" John." Here John is the subsequent to which whom refers.

as,

432. Hence it follows, that antecedent and subsequent are opposed to each other in meaning; the former signifying going before, the latter following after 433 Whether was formerly made use of to express interrogation; as "Whetner of these shall I choose?" but it is now seldom used, the interrogative which supplying its place.

434. Which, what, and, as we have already seen, that, when joined to nouns, are adjective pronouns; as, " unto which promise our twelve tribes."

435. When what and which are joined to nouns in asking questions, they are called interrogative adjective pronouns; as, "Which horse did he take ?" 436. In some instances, we find what used in the sense of an interjection 28, "What! take my money, and then my life ?"

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"I will leave what is useless."

437. What, in the example above, means the same as "that which," or "the thing w ich"; we will, therefore, in parsing it, bear in mind that it has the government and agreement of two separate words. We will first parse it as standing for thing, and secondly for which.

What is a COMPOUND RELATIVE PRONOUN, and is equivalent to "that which," or "the thing which." In representing thing, it may be considered a PRONOUN of the THIRD PERSON SINGU lar, neuter GENDER, in the OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by leave, according to RULE VIII.

What, in representing which, may be considered a RELATIVE PRONOUN of the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, NEUTER GENDER, and relates to thing for its antecedent, according to RULE V. and in the NOMINATIVE CASE to is, by RULE VI.

Is is a NEUTER VERB, in the INDICATIVE MOOD, PRESENT TENSE-" 1. I am; 2. You are; 3. He or which is"-made in the THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with which, the relative part of the pronoun what, according to RULE VII.

Useless is an ADJECTIVE, in the POSITIVE DEGREE, and belongs to what, by RULE IV.

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EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED.

"James will do what is proper." "You heard what I said."

Whatever improves

him."

"William demands what I cannot

give."

delights

"They advocate what is excellent."

XXXVII. OF THE VERB.

438. A VERB is a word that expresses ACTION OF BEING. Verbs are of three kinds-ACTIVE, PASSIVE, and neuter, 439. An active verb expresses action, and the actor is always the nominative case; as, "John runs." Active verbs are either transitive or intransitive.

440. An active verb is transitive, when it either has or may have an object after it, on which the action terminates; "John beats William."

as,

441. An active verb is intransitive, when it neither has nor can have an object after it.

442. Passive means suffering or receiving.

443. When I say, "John is beaten by William," is beaten is a verb, because it expresses action; and it is a passive verb, because it expresses the action received by John; and if John receives the action, then he is the object of it▾ hence,

444. A passive verb expresses action or effect received.

445. The object is always its subject or nominative case 446. Active nominative, or actor," John strikes William.' 447. Passive nominative, or object, "William is struck by John."

448. By examining the foregoing examples, you will see that when the verb is active, its nominative is likewise active; and when the verb is passive, its nominative is likewise passive.

449. The passive voice is a convenient mode of expression on occasions when we wish to state what has been done, without exposing the author; thus, instead of saying, "William struck John,” I can, to avoid alluding to William "John was struck."

say,

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In the example, "John is beaten by William," which is the verb? Why What kind? Why? 443.

Which word is the object? Why? 443 What, then, is a passive verb ? 444. Which is the nominative to a passiv verb, the agent or the object? 445.

Is the nominative to an active verb act ive or passive? Give an example. 448.

Is the nominative to a passive verb ac tive or passive? Give an example. 448 In what particular is the passive voice a convenient form of expression? Give as example. 449.

What is the meaning of neuter 18

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