3. Passive veros of naming, judging, &c. have the same case after them as before them.

4. Neuter verbs have the same case after them as before them.

616. The foregoing rules, in the opinion of the writer, are wholly unnecessary, tending merely to confuse the mind of the learner by requiring him to make a distinction in form, when there exists none in principle. In corroboration of this fact, Mr. Murray has the following remark:

617. "By these examples it appears, that the verb to be has no government of case, but serves in all its forms as a conductor to the cases; so that the twe cases, which, in the construction of the sentence, are the next before and after it, must always be alike. Perhaps this subject will be more intelligible by ob serving that the words, in the cases preceding and following the verb to be may be said to be in apposition to each other. Thus, in the sentence, 'I un derstood it to be him,' the words it and him are in apposition; that is, they re fer to the same thing, and are in the same case."

Remark 3.-It not unfrequently happens that the connecting verb is omit red; as, "They made him captain ;" that is, to be captain.

"They named him John."
"The soldiers made him gen-

eral."

3.

"They proclaimed him king.'
"His countrymen crowned him

emperor.

619. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "It might have been him, (6.) but there is no proof (7.) of it." "Though I was blamed, it could not have been me.' "I saw one who I took to be she."

"She is the person who I under

What office does the verb to be perform between cases? 617.

Are the cases next before and after it, alike, or different? 617.

What is the opinion of Mr. Murray respecting the cases before and after to de? 617

stood it to have been. "Who do you think me to be?" "Whom do men say that I am?" "Whom think ye that I am?"

be parsed in the phrase, "I understood i to be him"? 617.

Will you now parse lessons 1, 2 and 3? Is the verb to be always expressed? Remark 3. Give an example. Remark 3. Will you now take the sentences to be parsed and corrected; also those to be

How does he think it and him should written!

620.

NOUNS.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

99

Will you compose a sentence having nouns in apposition? One naving nouns in apposition, but separated by a verb One, having

a noun used as an adjective?

Will you construct a sentence having in it the word who? One, having whose? One, having whom? One, having what? One, having that? One, having man? One, having woman? One, having boy? One, having girls? One, having parents?

LVI. OF NOUNS USED INDEPENDENTLY.

621. To address signifies to speak to; as, "James, your father has come." The name of the person addressed must always be of the second person; and a noun in this situation, when it has no verb to agree with it, and is wholly dis connected with the rest of the sentence, is said to be independent. Hence,

RULE XVI.

When an address is made, the name of the person or thing addressed is in the nominative case independent.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

John, will you assist me?"

John is a PROPER NOUN, of the SECOND PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, MASCULINE GENDER, and NOMINATIVE CASE INDEPENDENT, according to RULE XVI.

(1.) Rule XVI. (2.) Imperative mood, and agrees with thou or you understood by Rule VII.

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:

623. In the phrase, "The sun being risen, we set sail," the first clause of the sentence, namely, "The sun being risen," has nothing to do with the re mainder the noun and participle may, therefore, when taken together, be said to be in the nominative case independent; but as we have already one case of his nature, we will, for the sake of making a distinction, call this (the noun Joined with a participle) the nominative case absolute. Hence,

RULE XVII.

A noun or pronoun before a participle, and independent of the rest of the sentence, is in the nominative case absolute.

"The sun (1.) being risen, (2.) we
departed."

"Egypt being conquered, Alex-
ander returned to Syria."
"Shame being lost, all virtue was
lost."

"The soldiers retreating, victory
was lost."

625.

"Him (3.) only excepted, who was a murderer."

"Wellington having returned to
England, tranquillity was re-
stored to France."
"Bonaparte being conquered, the
king was restored.'

"The conditions being observed,
the bargain was a mutual
benefit.'

SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.
"Him being destroyed, the re
maining robbers made their
escape.'

"Her being dismissed, the rest of
the scholars behaved well.'

LVIII. OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

NOTE XII.-A verb in the infinitive mood is sometimes placed independently; as, "To be frank, I own I have in jured you."

626. EXERCISES "To confess the truth, I was in fault."

"To display his power, he op

pressed his soldiers."

LVII. "The sun being risen, we set sail." How many words in this sentence, used independently, are taken together? 623.

Why is this case denominated the case absolute 623.

What is the rule for the case absolute? XVII.

Will you now take the parsing exercises under Rule XVII., and then the sentences to be corrected?

NOTE XIII.-The infinitive mood, or part of a frequently put as the nominative case to a verb person singular.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

quires much exer

friends will sink a
racter."
religion is our du-

"Thou shalt not kill, is the com-
mand of God."

"Honor thy father and thy moth
er, is required of all men."
"To write a fair hand requires
practice."

To excel is the nominative case to requires by Note XIII.; ees with to excel by Rule VII. In parsing "Thou shalt not oly Rules VI., VII. and IX. The whole phrase is considered - is required, by Note XIII.

ve mood, or a part of a sentence, is frequently the object of a as," Boys love to play." What do boys love? "To play." e, then, is to play. "Chilaren do not consider how much has m by their parents." Consider what? "How much has been #heir parents;" including for the object of the verb the whole

-The infinitive mood or part of a sentence, adjective or participle agreeing with it, when oun, either expressed or understood, to which may belong.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

is pleasant."

rtue will be pro

appiness."

dis unpleasant."

"Defraud not thy neighbor, 18 binding on all."

"To do good to our enemies, is not natural to our hearts."

-asant agrees with "to see the sun," by Note XIV. BindDefraud not thy neighbor," by the same authority. To is Rule VIII.; to the infinitive to see, Note XIII.

to sun,

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. pose one or more sentences having an infinitive govEiple? One, using an infinitive after a noun ? Öne, manner of playing ball? One, or more, on the mang? One, on the duty of children to mind their pa more, on industry? Ŏne, on the business you intend

- ?

ant." What is pleasis the nominative to Note XIII.

ill, is required of all uired? mative to is required?

XIII.

se the remaining ex

Since we have a rule for to love, as a verb, there is no necessity for considering it the object in parsing: what rule, then, will you apply to it? XII.

Will you name an example in which there is part of a sentence used as the object of a verb? 627. Remark 2.

"To see the sun is pleasant.”

Will

LIX.

630. In the phrase, “John and James are here," the sense is that "John and James are both here;" two persons are therefore spoken of, which re ders it necessary to use the plural verb are, to agree with two nouns which in dividually are singular hence,

RULE XVIII.

Two or more nouns or pronouns, of the singular number, connected together by AND, either expressed or understood, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns agreeing with them in the plural number.

Remarks.-William is one of the nominatives to the verb run. James is in the nominative case to the verb run, and is connected with the noun William by Rule XI. Run agrees with William and James by Rule XVIII.

632. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "Mary and her cousin has come." "The farmer and his son is in "You and I makes progress in

our studies."

"Life and health is both uncertain."

town."

"Susan and her sister is deceitful."

"William and John both writes a good hand."

Remarks. For has come, we should read have come, that the verb may be plural, when it has two nominatives connected by and, according to Rule XVIII.

Exception 1.-When and connects two or more nouns in the singular, which refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular; as, philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science."

Pliny the

633. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "That superficial scholar and "In that house live a great and critic have given new evi- distinguished scholar and dence of his misguided judg statesman." ment."

There go a benevolent man and scholar.'

LIX. When I say, "John and James are here," of how many persons do I speak?

Should we, then, use is or are? 630. What is the ruie for are? XVIII. Will you now parse the exercises under Rule XVIII.?

"William and James run." Will you parse William in full? and? James? run?

Will you parse the next exercises?

"Mr. Cooper, the sailor and novelist, visit La Fayette, the patriot and philanthropist." Will you parse the succeeding exercises?

"Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science." Why should we use has, in this sentence, instead of have? Exception 1.

"That superficial scholar and critic have given." Why is have given incor rect? Exception 1.

What is the rule for has come? Excep. tion 1.