Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and FiascoesGroupthink - the psychological drive for consensus at any cost that suppresses disagreement and prevents the appraisal of alternatives in cohesive decision-making groups. In the first edition (Victims of groupthink), Iriving L. Janis showed how this phenomenon contributed to some of the major U.S. foreign policy fiascos of recent decades: the Korean War stalemate, the escalation of the Vietnam War, the failure to be prepared for the attack on Pearl Harbor, and the Bay of Pigs blunder. He also examined cases, such as the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis and the formulation of the Marshall Plan, where groupthink was avoided. Here, in this revised and expanded edition, Janis applies his hypothesis to the Watergate cover-up, portraying in detail how groupthink helped to put the participants on a disastrous couurse and keep them there. In addition, he presents some fresh ideas on how and why groupthink occurs and offers suggestions for avoiding it. |
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Page 117
... McNamara Fortunately , a detailed account has been published of how Secretary of Defense McNamara was precipitously removed from his position as the sec- ond most powerful member of the Johnson administration . The story comes from ...
... McNamara Fortunately , a detailed account has been published of how Secretary of Defense McNamara was precipitously removed from his position as the sec- ond most powerful member of the Johnson administration . The story comes from ...
Page 118
... McNamara's dissent : Mr. McNamara's disillusionment with the war has been reported previously , but the depth of his dissent from established policy is fully documented for the first time in the Pentagon study , which he commissioned on ...
... McNamara's dissent : Mr. McNamara's disillusionment with the war has been reported previously , but the depth of his dissent from established policy is fully documented for the first time in the Pentagon study , which he commissioned on ...
Page 119
... McNamara was removed from the group , Hoopes concludes , the members could once again enjoy complete unity and relatively undisturbed confidence in the soundness of their war policy . During the months following McNamara's nonvoluntary ...
... McNamara was removed from the group , Hoopes concludes , the members could once again enjoy complete unity and relatively undisturbed confidence in the soundness of their war policy . During the months following McNamara's nonvoluntary ...
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Common terms and phrases
Acheson administration Admiral Kimmel advisers advisory group Allen Dulles alternative American assumptions attack avoid Bay of Pigs bombing CALIFORNIA LIBRARY Castro Chiefs of Staff Chinese cohesive group Communist concurrence-seeking consensus course of action critical Cuba Cuban missile crisis danger Dean Defense deliberations discussion effect Ehrlichman enemy evidence Executive Committee expected fiasco group dynamics groupthink hypothesis groupthink syndrome groupthink tendencies Haldeman Hawaii Ibid in-group inner circle invasion plan Japanese Johnson Joint Chiefs Kennan Kennedy's Korean War leader major Marshall Plan McNamara meetings military moral naval Nixon norms North Korea North Vietnam officers participants Pearl Harbor Pentagon Papers policy-making group political present President Kennedy President's pressures problem procedures psychological questions responsible risks Robert Kennedy role Rusk Schlesinger Secretary shared social Sorensen Soviet Union stereotypes stress symptoms of groupthink thinking threat tion transcripts Truman UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Vietnam Vietnam War warning Watergate cover-up White House group